Lombard/Phonology of the Milanese dialect in the New Lombard Orthography
Grapheme | Phonology | Examples | Translation into English |
---|---|---|---|
a | /a/ | articioch | artichoke |
b | /b/ /p/ at the end of the word |
basell goeub |
step hunchbacked |
c | /t͡ʃ/ before "e" or "i" or at the end of the word after consonant /k/ before "a", "o", "oeu", "u" or any consonant |
ciciarada
can |
chat
dog |
ch | /k/ before e, i or at the end of the word | chichera | coffee cup |
cc | /t͡ʃ/ at the end of the word rarely in the middle of the word for reasons of derivation |
tucc muccià (derived from mucc) |
all accumulate |
d | /d/ /t/ at the end of the word |
dent mond |
tooth world |
e | /e/ /ɛ/ Ø for feminine plurals |
temp insema |
time together |
f | /f/ | fioeul | son |
g | /d͡ʒ/ before "e" or "i"
/ɡ/ before "a", "o", "oeu", "u" or any consonant |
gesa
magon |
church
dejection |
gh | /ɡ/ before e or "i" /k/ at the end of the word |
ghell | cent |
gg | /d͡ʒ/ at the end of the word; rarely in the middle of the word for reasons of derivation |
oeugg veggia (derivato da vegg) |
eye old (feminine) |
gn | /ɲ/ | tegnì | to keep, to hold |
h | ∅ (attention: it is used at the beginning of all forms of the verb “havé”) | gh'hoo | have |
i | /i/ /j/ after consonant, before vowel ∅ between "sc", "sg", "s'c", "s'g", "g", "c" and vowel |
intregh aria ciamà fioeui |
entire, whole air to call, to ask sons |
j | /ʎ/ between "i" and "a", not always between "e" e "a"
/j/ in the other cases |
famija tajà |
family to cut |
l | /l/ ∅ at the end of the word after oeu |
lassà pedrioeul |
to leave,to let funnel |
ll | /ll/ in the middle of the word /l/ even at the end of the word (the double "l" is written at the end of the word when the accent is on the last syllable and the vowel that precedes is short) |
balla basell |
ball step |
m | /m/ before bound consonant, nasalization of the preceding vowel |
mur comprà |
wall to buy |
n | /n/ At the end of the word or before bound consonant, nasalization of the preceding vowel
(can [kãː])) |
nivola mont parlamen |
cloud mount |
nn | /n/ - at the end of the word rarely in the middle of the word for reasons of derivation |
dann anniversari (derived from "ann") |
damage anniversary |
o | /ɔ/ /u/, /o/ |
comod tosa |
comfortable girl |
oeu | /ø/ | poeu | then |
p | /p/ | pas | peace |
q | /k/ before u + vowel | quatà | to cover |
r | /r/ (/ː/ sometimes at the end of the word after "e" (senter [senˈteː]) |
ceregh senter vesser |
cleric path to be |
rr | /r/ - short preceeding vowel | carr (vs. car) | wagon |
s | /s/ at the beginnig of the world /z/ intravocalic or at the end of the word |
setàss nas |
to sit nose |
sh [1] | /ʃ/ | marshalles | Marshallese |
ss | /s/ | pess | fish |
sc | /t͡ʃ/ - before e, i | scernì | to choose |
s'c | /ʃt͡ʃ/ | mes'cià | to mix |
sg | /d͡ʒ/ before e or i often and in any case always at the beginning of the word /ʒ/ before e or i rarely in the middle of the world |
sgiornada
resgiora |
daytime landlady |
s'g | /ʃd͡ʒ/ | s'giafon | slap |
t | /t/ | tollin | crown cork |
u | /y/
/w/ dopo <q> |
cuna aqua |
crib water |
v | /v/ ∅ intravocalic between "a" and "o", "o" and "a", "o" and "e" or "u" and "i" |
vun tavol |
one table Mantova ruin |
z | /s/ or /z/ depending on the word at the beginning of the word or after consonant /z/ intravocalic or at the end of the word |
zuca
mez |
pumpkin
means, half, middle |
zz | /s/ | mazzà | to kill |
- ↑ (possible only in words derived from English for reasons of etymology)