Attitudinals are markers of attitude or emotion , modifying the word (brivla, cmavo, cmene, sumti, or tanru) directly before it. For example, the simple << mlatu >> for "cat" can become << mlatu .ui >> for "cat (happiness!/:D)". At the beginning of a sentence (after the place of .i) they modify the entire sentence (bridi), and after the attitudinal beginning bracket << fu'e >> continues the emotion for all the statement until the closing bracket << fu'o >>.
Attitudinals can also effect vocatives the same way a change in vocal tone can greatly effect a simple "hello" - for example, << coi .ui >> means not a simple "Hello.", but a "Hello! :D". Combined with the attitudinal question-maker pei , you can easily create more complex << coi .uipei >> may be thought of as "Hello - are you glad to see me?", while << co'o .uipei >> may be viewed as "Good-bye - are you happy that we part?".
Beyond mere emotion, they can mark prepositional ideas such as desire ("I want this to happen"), obligation ("This needs to happen"), and many other complex functions we take for granted - for example, << mi citka >> means "I eat", while << .au mi citka >> means "I want to eat", and << .e'e mi citka >> means "I am able to eat".
Contents
Emotional modifiers: Edit
Modifier
Modification
cai
very strong
sai
strong
(nothing)
felt
ru'e
weak
cu'i
not felt
nairu'e
weak negative
nai
negative felt
naisai
strong negative
naicai
very strong negative
Attitudinal indicators and suffixes with examples of modifier use: Edit
Attitudinals Edit Simple propositional emotions: Edit Attitudinal
attitude
-cu'i
-nai
.a'a
attentive
inattentive
avoiding
.a'e
alertness
exhaustion
.ai
intent
indecision
refusal
.a'i
effort
lack of effort
repose
.a'o
hope
despair
.au
desire
indifference
reluctance
.a'u
interest
no interest
repulsion
Complex propositional emotions: Edit Attitudinal
attitude
-cu'i
-nai
.e'a
permission
prohibition
.e'e
competence
incompetence
.ei
obligation
freedom
.e'i
constraint
independence
resistance to constraint
.e'o
request
negative request
.e'u
suggestion
no suggestion
warning
.ia
belief
skepticism
disbelief
.i'a
acceptance
blame
.ie
agreement
neutrality
disagreement
.i'e
approval
non-approval
disapproval
Miscellaneous pure emotions: Edit Attitudinal
(nothing)
-cu'i
-nai
.ii
fear
nervousness
security
.i'i
togetherness
privacy
.io
respect
lack of respect
disrespect
.i'o
appreciation
lack of appreciation
envy
.iu
love
lack of love
hatred/fear
.i'u
familiarity
mystery
Complex pure emotions: Edit Attitudinal
(nothing)
-cu'i
-nai
.o'a
pride
modesty
shame
.o'e
closeness
detachment
distance
.oi
complaint/pain
no complaints
pleasure
.o'i
caution
boldness
rashness
.o'o
patience
mere tolerance
anger
.o'u
relaxation
composure
stress
Simple pure emotions: Edit Attitudinal
(nothing)
-cu'i
-nai
.ua
discovery
confusion
.u'a
gain
loss
.ue
surprise
no surprise
expectation
.u'e
wonder
commonplace
.ui
happiness
unhappiness
.u'i
amusement
weariness
.uo
completion
incompleteness
.u'o
courage
timidity
cowardice
.uu
pity
cruelty
.u'u
repentance
lack of regret
innocence
Emotional categories: Edit Category
(nothing)
-cu'i
-nai
ro'a
social
asocial
antisocial
ro'e
mental
absentminded
mindless
ro'i
emotional
emotionless
denying emotion
ro'o
physical
intangible
denying physical
ro'u
sexual
asexual
sexual abstinence
re'e
spiritual
secular
sacrilegious
Attitudinal modifiers: Edit Modifier
(nothing)
-cu'i
-nai
[gismu]
ga'i
hauteur/rank
equal rank
meekness/lack of rank
[galtu]
le'o
aggressive
passive
defensive
vu'e
virtue [zabna]
sin [mabla]
[vrude]
se'i
self-orientation
other-orientation
[sevzi]
ri'e
release
restraint
control
[zifre]
fu'i
easily/with help
without help
with difficulty/opposition
[frili]
be'u
lack/need
presence/satisfaction
satiation
se'a
self-sufficiency
dependency
[sevzi]
cmavo
(nothing)
-cu'i
-nai
pei
attitude question
dai
empathy
bu'o
start emotion
continue emotion
end emotion
Evidentials: Edit Evidential
(nothing)
-cu'i
-nai
[gismu]
ja'o
I conclude
[jalge]
ca'e
I define
ba'a
I expect / I anticipate
I experience
I remember
[balvi]
su'a
I generalize
I particularize
[sucta]
ti'e
I hear (hearsay) - not necessarily literally "hear"
[tirna]
ka'u
I know by cultural means
[kulnu]
se'o
I know by internal experience
[senva]
za'a
I observe
[zgana]
pe'i
I opine / It is my opinion that...
[pensi]
ru'a
I postulate / I presume
[sruma]
ju'a
I state (elliptical discursive)
[jufra]
Consecutive discourse: Edit cmavo
(nothing)
[gismu]
ku'i
however/but/in contrast
[karbi]
ji'a
additionally
[jmina]
si'a
similarly
[simsa]
mi'u
ditto
[mintu]
po'o
the only relevant case
cmavo
(nothing)
-nai
[gismu]
va'i
in other words
in the same words
[valsi]
ta'u
expanding a tanru
making a tanru
[tanru]
cmavo
(nothing)
-cu'i
-nai
[gismu]
li'a
clearly/obviously
obscurely
[klina]
ba'u
exaggeration
accuracy
understatement
[banli]
zo'o
humorously
dully
seriously
sa'e
precisely speaking
loosely speaking
[satci]
to'u
in brief
in detail
[tordu]
do'a
generously
parsimoniously
[dunda]
sa'u
simply
elaborating
[sampu]
pa'e
justice
prejudice
[pajni]
je'u
truly/It is true that,...
falsely
[jetnu]
Knowledge: Edit cmavo
(nothing)
-cu'i
-nai
[gismu]
ju'o
certainly
uncertain
certainly not
[djuno]
la'a
probably
improbably
[lakne]
Discourse management: Edit cmavo
(nothing)
-cu'i
-nai
[gismu]
ta'o
by the way
(sometimes: speaking of which,...)
returning to point
[tanjo]
ra'u
chiefly
equally
incidentally
[ralju]
mu'a
for example
omitting ex.
end examples
[mupli]
zu'u
on the one hand
on the other hand
ke'u
repeating
continuing
[krefu]
da'i
supposing
in fact
Miscellaneous indicators: Edit Attitudinal
(nothing)
-nai
ki'a
metalinguistic confusion
na'i
metalinguistic negator
jo'a
metalinguistic affirmer
li'o
omitted text (quoted material)
sa'a
material inserted by editor/narrator
xu
true-false question
pau
question premarker
rhetorical question
pe'a
figurative language
literal language
bi'u
new information
old information
ge'e
non-specific indicator
See also: Emotions
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