Linear Algebra/Sums and Scalar Products

Linear Algebra
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Recall that for two maps and with the same domain and codomain, the map sum has this definition.

The easiest way to see how the representations of the maps combine to represent the map sum is with an example.

Example 1.1

Suppose that are represented with respect to the bases and by these matrices.

Then, for any represented with respect to , computation of the representation of

gives this representation of .

Thus, the action of is described by this matrix-vector product.

This matrix is the entry-by-entry sum of original matrices, e.g., the entry of is the sum of the entry of and the entry of .

Representing a scalar multiple of a map works the same way.

Example 1.2

If is a transformation represented by

then the scalar multiple map acts in this way.

Therefore, this is the matrix representing .

Definition 1.3

The sum of two same-sized matrices is their entry-by-entry sum. The scalar multiple of a matrix is the result of entry-by-entry scalar multiplication.

Remark 1.4

These extend the vector addition and scalar multiplication operations that we defined in the first chapter.

Theorem 1.5

Let be linear maps represented with respect to bases by the matrices and , and let be a scalar. Then the map is represented with respect to by , and the map is represented with respect to by .

Proof

Problem 2; generalize the examples above.

A notable special case of scalar multiplication is multiplication by zero. For any map is the zero homomorphism and for any matrix is the zero matrix.

Example 1.6

The zero map from any three-dimensional space to any two-dimensional space is represented by the zero matrix

no matter which domain and codomain bases are used.

Exercises

edit
This exercise is recommended for all readers.
Problem 1

Perform the indicated operations, if defined.

  1.  
  2.  
  3.  
  4.  
  5.  
Problem 2

Prove Theorem 1.5.

  1. Prove that matrix addition represents addition of linear maps.
  2. Prove that matrix scalar multiplication represents scalar multiplication of linear maps.
This exercise is recommended for all readers.
Problem 3

Prove each, where the operations are defined, where  ,  , and   are matrices, where   is the zero matrix, and where   and   are scalars.

  1. Matrix addition is commutative  .
  2. Matrix addition is associative  .
  3. The zero matrix is an additive identity  .
  4.  
  5.  
  6. Matrices have an additive inverse  .
  7.  
  8.  
Problem 4

Fix domain and codomain spaces. In general, one matrix can represent many different maps with respect to different bases. However, prove that a zero matrix represents only a zero map. Are there other such matrices?

This exercise is recommended for all readers.
Problem 5

Let   and   be vector spaces of dimensions   and  . Show that the space   of linear maps from   to   is isomorphic to  .

This exercise is recommended for all readers.
Problem 6

Show that it follows from the prior questions that for any six transformations   there are scalars   such that   is the zero map. (Hint: this is a bit of a misleading question.)

Problem 7

The trace of a square matrix is the sum of the entries on the main diagonal (the   entry plus the   entry, etc.; we will see the significance of the trace in Chapter Five). Show that  . Is there a similar result for scalar multiplication?

Problem 8

Recall that the transpose of a matrix   is another matrix, whose   entry is the   entry of  . Verifiy these identities.

  1.  
  2.  
This exercise is recommended for all readers.
Problem 9

A square matrix is symmetric if each   entry equals the   entry, that is, if the matrix equals its transpose.

  1. Prove that for any  , the matrix   is symmetric. Does every symmetric matrix have this form?
  2. Prove that the set of   symmetric matrices is a subspace of  .
This exercise is recommended for all readers.
Problem 10
  1. How does matrix rank interact with scalar multiplication— can a scalar product of a rank   matrix have rank less than  ? Greater?
  2. How does matrix rank interact with matrix addition— can a sum of rank   matrices have rank less than  ? Greater?

Solutions

Linear Algebra
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