# LMIs in Control/pages/Discrete Time QSR

## The Concept

In systems theory the concept of dissipativity was first introduced by Willems which describes dynamical systems by input-output properties. Considering a dynamical system described by its state ${\displaystyle x(t)}$ , its input ${\displaystyle u(t)}$  and its output ${\displaystyle y(t)}$ , the input-output correlation is given a supply rate ${\displaystyle w(u(t),y(t))}$ . A system is said to be dissipative with respect to a supply rate if there exists a continuously differentiable storage function ${\displaystyle V(x(t))}$  such that ${\displaystyle V(0)=0}$ , ${\displaystyle V(x(t))\geq 0}$  and

${\displaystyle {\dot {V}}(x(t))\leq w(u(t),y(t))}$

As a special case of dissipativity, a system is said to be passive if the above dissipativity inequality holds with respect to the passivity supply rate ${\displaystyle w(u(t),y(t))=u(t)^{T}y(t)}$ .

The physical interpretation is that ${\displaystyle V(x)}$  is the energy stored in the system, whereas ${\displaystyle w(u(t),y(t))}$  is the energy that is supplied to the system.

This notion has a strong connection with Lyapunov stability, where the storage functions may play, under certain conditions of controllability and observability of the dynamical system, the role of Lyapunov functions.

Roughly speaking, dissipativity theory is useful for the design of feedback control laws for linear and nonlinear systems. Dissipative systems theory has been discussed by Vasile M. Popov, Jan Camiel Willems, D.J. Hill, and P. Moylan. In the case of linear invariant systems, this is known as positive real transfer functions, and a fundamental tool is the so-called Kalman–Yakubovich–Popov lemma which relates the state space and the frequency domain properties of positive real systems.Dissipative systems are still an active field of research in systems and control, due to their important applications.

## The System

Consider a discrete-time LTI system, ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}:{\mathcal {l}}_{2e}\rightarrow {\mathcal {l}}_{2e}}$ , with minimal state-space relization ${\displaystyle ({\mathcal {A}}_{d},{\mathcal {B}}_{d},{\mathcal {C}}_{d},{\mathcal {D}}_{d})}$ , where ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}_{d}\in {\mathcal {R}}^{n\times n},{\mathcal {B}}_{d}\in {\mathcal {R}}^{n\times m},{\mathcal {C}}_{d}\in {\mathcal {R}}^{p\times n},}$  and ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}_{d}\in {\mathcal {R}}^{p\times m}}$ .

${\displaystyle x(k+1)={\mathcal {A}}_{d}x(k)+{\mathcal {B}}_{d}u(k)}$
${\displaystyle y(k)={\mathcal {C}}_{d}x(k)+{\mathcal {D}}_{d}u(k),k=0,1...}$

## The Data

The matrices ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}_{d},{\mathcal {B}}_{d},{\mathcal {C}}_{d}}$  and ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}_{d}}$

## The Optimization Problem

The system ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}}$  is QSR disipative if

${\displaystyle \sum _{i\mathop {=} 0}^{K}({\mathcal {y}}_{i}^{T}Q{\mathcal {y}}_{i}+2{\mathcal {y}}_{i}^{T}S{\mathcal {u}}_{i}+{\mathcal {u}}_{i}^{T}R{\mathcal {u}}_{i})\,dt\geq 0,\forall u\in {\mathcal {l}}_{2e},\forall k\in {\mathcal {Z}}\geq 0}$

where ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {u}}_{k}}$  is the input to ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}},{\mathcal {y}}_{k}}$  is the output of ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}},Q\in {\mathcal {S}}^{p},S\in {\mathcal {R}}^{p\times m},}$  and ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {R}}\in {\mathcal {S}}^{m}}$ .

## LMI : Discrete-Time KYP Lemma for QSR Dissipative Systems

The system ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}}$  is also QSR dissipative if and only if there exists ${\displaystyle P\in {\mathcal {S}}^{n},}$  where ${\displaystyle P>0,}$  such that

${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}A_{d}^{T}PA_{d}-P-C_{d}^{T}QC_{d}&A_{d}^{T}PB_{d}-C_{d}^{T}S-C_{d}^{T}QD_{d}\\(A_{d}^{T}PB_{d}-C_{d}^{T}S-C_{d}^{T}QD_{d})^{T}&B_{d}^{T}PB_{d}-D_{d}^{T}QD_{d}-(D_{d}^{T}S+S^{T}D_{d})-R\end{bmatrix}}\leq 0.}$

## Conclusion:

If there exist a positive definite ${\displaystyle P}$  for the the selected Q,S and R matrices then the system ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}}$  is QSR dissipative.

## Implementation

Code for implementation of this LMI using MATLAB. https://github.com/VJanand25/LMI

## References

1. J. C. Willems, “Dissipative dynamical systems - part I: General theory,” Archive Rational Mechanics and Analysis, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 321–351, 1972.
2. D. J. Hill and P. J. Moylan, “The stability of nonlinear dissipative systems,” IEEE Transac- tions on Automatic Control, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 708–711, 1976.
3. LMI Properties and Applications in Systems, Stability, and Control Theory, by Ryan James Caverly1 and James Richard Forbes2