Láadan/Lessons/9

The Manner marker: -nal

[(Aux) Verb (Neg) CP-S CP-Manner]

To mark the manner in which something is done (such as quickly, meticulously, etc.), we use the "-nal" suffix.

Examples

Láadan	English	Vocab words
Bíi di be wa.	He speaks.	di = to speak, be = he/she/it/they (singular)
Bíi di be lóolonal wa.	He speaks slowly.	lóolo = slow

The Reason-cause marker: -wáan

[(Aux) Verb (Neg) CP-S CP-Cause]

This cause marker is used to specify that something is done because of some reason, while "-wan" is to specify "in order to..." or for some purpose.

Examples

Láadan	English	Vocab words
Bíi héeya be wa.	She is afraid.	héeya = to be afraid
Bíi héeya be óowamidewáan wa.	She is afraid because of the dragon.	óowamid = dragon

The Purpose-cause marker: -wan

[(Aux) Verb (Neg) CP-S CP-Cause]

The "-wan" suffix is used to specify that some action is being done, in order to to do something (that something being whatever has the -wan suffix.)

Examples

Láadan	English	Vocab words
Bíi ulanin be wa.	She is studying.	ulanin = to study
Bíi ulanin be bediwan wa.	She is studying to learn.	bedi = to learn

The cause marker: dó-

[(Aux) Verb (Neg) CP-S CP-Obj]

You can change a verb into "the subject causes the object to [VERB]" by putting "dó-" at the beginning of the verb.

Examples

Láadan	English	Vocab words
Bíi yod le wa.	I am eating.	yod = to eat
Bíi dóyod le mideth wa.	I am feeding the animal.	mid = animal