JLPT Guide/JLPT N1 Vocabulary/Row Ta

他意, たい -ill will, malice, another intention, secret purpose, ulterior motive, fickleness, double-mindedness
対応, たいおう -interaction, correspondence, coping with, dealing with
退化, たいか -degeneration, retrogression
体格, たいかく -physique, constitution
大概, たいがい -in general, mainly
退学, たいがく -dropping out of school
大金, たいきん -great cost
待遇, たいぐう -treatment, reception
対決, たいけつ -confrontation, showdown
体験, たいけん -personal experience
対抗, たいこう -opposition, antagonism
対して, たいして -for, in regard to, per
大衆, たいしゅう -general public
対処, たいしょ -deal with, cope
退職, たいしょく -retirement (from office)
退治, たいじ -extermination
態勢, たいせい -attitude, conditions, preparations
対談, たいだん -talk, dialogue, conversation
対等, たいとう -equivalent
滞納, たいのう -non-payment, default
対比, たいひ -contrast, comparison
大部, たいぶ -most (e.g. most part), greater, fairly, a good deal, much
対辺, たいへん -(geometrical) opposite side
待望, たいぼう -expectant waiting
怠慢, たいまん -negligence, procrastination, carelessness
対面, たいめん -interview, meeting
対立, たいりつ -confrontation, opposition, antagonism
体力, たいりょく -physical strength
対話, たいわ -interactive, interaction, conversation, dialogue
耐える, たえる -to bear, to endure
絶える, たえる -to die out, to peter out, to become extinct
堪える, たえる -to bear, to stand, to endure, to put up with, to support, to withstand, to resist, to brave, to be fit for, t
高, たか -quantity, amount, volume, number, amount of money
高まる, たかまる -to rise, to swell, to be promoted
焚火, たきび -(open) fire
沢山, たくさん -many, a lot, much
逞しい, たくましい -burly, strong, sturdy
巧み, たくみ -skill, cleverness
類, たぐい -a kind
丈, たけ -height, stature, length, measure, all (one has)
足し算, たしざん -addition
多数決, たすうけつ -majority rule
助け, たすけ -assistance
携わる, たずさわる -to participate, to take part
漂う, ただよう -to drift about, to float, to hang in air
館, たち -1. mansion, small castle
立方, たちかた -dancing (geisha)
忽ち, たちまち -at once, in a moment, suddenly, all at once
立ち寄る, たちよる -to stop by, to drop in for a short visit
達者, たっしゃ -skillful, in good health
達成, たっせい -achievement
たった -only, merely, but, no more than
尊い, たっとい -precious, valuable, priceless, noble, exalted, sacred
貴い, たっとい -precious, valuable, priceless, noble, exalted, sacred
尊ぶ, たっとぶ -to value, to prize, to esteem
絶つ, たつ -to sever, to cut off, to suppress, to abstain (from)
盾, たて -shield, buckler, escutcheon, pretext
建前, たてまえ -face, official stance, public position or attitude (as opposed to private thoughts)
奉る, たてまつる -to offer, to present, to revere, to do respectfully
例え, たとえ -example, even if, if, though, although
仮令, たとえ -example, even if, if, though, although
他動詞, たどうし -transitive verb (direct obj)
辿り着く, たどりつく -to grope along to, to struggle on to, to arrive somewhere after a struggle
辿る, たどる -to follow (road), to pursue (course), to follow up
掌, たなごころ -the palm
楽しむ, たのしむ -to enjoy oneself
頼み, たのみ -request, favor, reliance, dependence
煙草, たばこ -(pt:) (n) (uk) tobacco (pt: tabaco), cigarettes
度々, たびたび -often, repeatedly, frequently
他方, たほう -another side, different direction, (on) the other hand
多忙, たぼう -busy, pressure of work
給う, たまう -to receive, to grant
偶に, たまに -occasionally, once in a while
堪らない, たまらない -intolerable, unbearable, unendurable
溜まり, たまり -collected things, gathering place, arrears
賜る, たまわる -to grant, to bestow
例, ためし -instance, example, case, precedent, experience, custom, usage, parallel, illustration
躊躇う, ためらう -to hesitate
保つ, たもつ -to keep, to preserve, to hold, to retain, to maintain, to support, to sustain, to last, to endure, to keep we
容易い, たやすい -easy, simple, light
多様, たよう -diversity, variety
弛み, たるみ -slack, slackening, dullness, letdown
弛む, たるむ -to slacken, to loosen, to relax
誰, たれ -adjectival suffix for a person
垂れる, たれる -to hang, to droop, to drop, to lower, to pull down, to dangle, to sag, to drip, to ooze, to trickle, to leave
歎, たん -grief, sigh, lamentation
反, たん -roll of cloth (c. 10 yds.), .245 acres, 300 tsubo
単一, たんいつ -single, simple, sole, individual, unitory
短歌, たんか -tanka, 31-syllable Japanese poem
担架, たんか -stretcher, litter
短気, たんき -quick temper
探検, たんけん -exploration, expedition
短縮, たんしゅく -shortening, abbreviation, reduction
箪笥, たんす -chest of drawers
炭素, たんそ -carbon (C)
短大, たんだい -junior college
単調, たんちょう -monotony, monotone, dullness
単独, たんどく -sole, independence, single, solo (flight)
短波, たんぱ -short wave
蛋白質, たんぱくしつ -protein
第, だい -ordinal
大胆, だいたん -bold, daring, audacious
台無し, だいなし -mess, spoiled, (come to) nothing
大便, だいべん -feces, excrement, shit
代弁, だいべん -pay by proxy, act for another, speak for another
台本, だいほん -libretto, scenario
代用, だいよう -substitution
打開, だかい -break in the deadlock
妥協, だきょう -compromise, giving in
丈, だけ -only, just, as
妥結, だけつ -agreement
打撃, だげき -1. blow, shock, strike, damage, 2. batting (baseball)
駄作, ださく -poor work, rubbish
脱出, だっしゅつ -escape
脱する, だっする -to escape from, to get out
脱退, だったい -secession
だぶだぶ -loose, baggy
騙す, だます -to trick, to cheat, to deceive
だらけ -implying (negatively) that something is full of e.g. mistakes
怠い, だるい -sluggish, feel heavy, languid, dull
壇, だん -1. platform, podium, rostrum, 2. (arch) mandala
団結, だんけつ -unity, union, combination
断言, だんげん -declaration, affirmation
断然, だんぜん -firmly, absolutely, definitely
段々, だんだん -gradually, by degrees
旦那, だんな -master (of house), husband (informal)
断面, だんめん -cross section
弾力, だんりょく -elasticity, flexibility
治安, ちあん -public order
近付く, ちかづく -to approach, to get near, to get acquainted with, to get closer
違える, ちがえる -to change
契る, ちぎる -to pledge, to promise, to swear
畜産, ちくさん -animal husbandry
畜生, ちくしょう -beast, brute, damn
蓄積, ちくせき -accumulation, accumulate, store
知性, ちせい -intelligence
乳, ちち -milk, breast, loop
父母, ちちはは -father and mother, parents
縮まる, ちぢまる -to be shortened, to be contracted, to shrink
窒息, ちっそく -suffocation
些とも, ちっとも -not at all (neg. verb)
秩序, ちつじょ -order, regularity, system, method
知的, ちてき -intellectual
著, ちゃく -counter for suits of clothing, arriving at ..
着, ちゃく -counter for suits of clothing, arriving at ..
着手, ちゃくしゅ -embarkation, launch
着色, ちゃくしょく -colouring, coloring
着席, ちゃくせき -sit down, seat
着目, ちゃくもく -attention
着陸, ちゃくりく -landing, alighting, touch down
着工, ちゃっこう -start of (construction) work
茶の間, ちゃのま -living room (Japanese style)
茶の湯, ちゃのゆ -tea ceremony
ちやほや -pamper, make a fuss of, spoil
昼間, ちゅうかん -daytime, during the day
宙返り, ちゅうがえり -somersault, looping-the-loop
中継, ちゅうけい -relay, hook-up
忠告, ちゅうこく -advice, warning
中指, ちゅうし -middle finger
中傷, ちゅうしょう -slander, libel, defamation
忠実, ちゅうじつ -fidelity, faithfulness
中枢, ちゅうすう -centre, pivot, mainstay, nucleus, backbone, central figure, pillar, key man
抽選, ちゅうせん -lottery, raffle, drawing (of lots)
中断, ちゅうだん -interruption, suspension, break
中腹, ちゅうっぱら -irritated, offended
中毒, ちゅうどく -poisoning
仲人, ちゅうにん -go-between, matchmaker
昼飯, ちゅうはん -lunch, midday meal
中立, ちゅうりつ -neutrality
中和, ちゅうわ -neutralize, counteract
腸, ちょう -guts, bowels, intestines
蝶, ちょう -butterfly
超, ちょう -super-, ultra-, hyper-
庁, ちょう -government office
調印, ちょういん -signature, sign, sealing
聴覚, ちょうかく -the sense of hearing
長官, ちょうかん -chief, (government) secretary
聴講, ちょうこう -lecture attendance, auditing
徴収, ちょうしゅう -collection, levy
聴診器, ちょうしんき -stethoscope
挑戦, ちょうせん -challenge, defiance
長大, ちょうだい -very long, great length
調停, ちょうてい -arbitration, conciliation, mediation
恰度, ちょうど -just, right, exactly
長編, ちょうへん -long (e.g. novel film)
丁目, ちょうめ -district of a town, city block (of irregular size)
調理, ちょうり -cooking
調和, ちょうわ -harmony
ちょくちょく -often, frequently, now and then, occasionally
直面, ちょくめん -confrontation
著書, ちょしょ -literary work, book
貯蓄, ちょちく -savings
直感, ちょっかん -intuition
一寸, ちょっと -(ateji) (adv int) (uk) just a minute, a short time, a while, just a little, somewhat, easily, readily, rath
著名, ちょめい -well-known, noted, celebrated
ちらっと -at a glance, by accident
塵取り, ちりとり -dustpan
治療, ちりょう -medical treatment
賃金, ちんぎん -wages
沈殿, ちんでん -precipitation, settlement
沈没, ちんぼつ -sinking, foundering
沈黙, ちんもく -silence, reticence
陳列, ちんれつ -exhibition, display, show
追及, ついきゅう -gaining on, carrying out, solving (crime)
追跡, ついせき -pursuit
次いで, ついで -next, secondly, subsequently
追放, ついほう -exile, banishment
費やす, ついやす -to spend, to devote, to waste
墜落, ついらく -falling, crashing
通, つう -connoisseur, counter for letters
痛感, つうかん -feeling keenly, fully realizing
通常, つうじょう -common, general, usually
痛切, つうせつ -keen, acute
杖, つえ -cane
遣い, つかい -mission, simple task, doing
使い道, つかいみち -use
仕える, つかえる -to serve, to work for
司る, つかさどる -to rule, to govern, to administer
束の間, つかのま -moment, brief time, brief, transient
付き, つき -attached to, impression, sociality, appearance, furnished with, under, to
付き合う, つきあう -to associate with, to keep company with, to get on with
月並み, つきなみ -every month, common
尽きる, つきる -to be used up, to be run out, to be exhausted, to be consumed, to come to an end
継ぎ目, つぎめ -a joint, joining point
吐く, つく -1. to breathe, 2. to tell (lies), 3. to vomit, to disgorge
尽くす, つくす -to exhaust, to run out, to serve (a person), to befriend
作り, つくり -make-up, sliced raw fish
造り, つくり -make up, structure, physique
造る, つくる -to make, to create, to manufacture, to draw up, to write, to compose, to build, to coin, to cultivate, to org
繕う, つくろう -to mend, to repair, to fix, to patch up, to darn, to tidy up, to adjust, to trim
接ぐ, つぐ -to join, to piece together, to set (bones), to graft (trees)
継ぐ, つぐ -to succeed
付け加える, つけくわえる -to add one thing to another
告げる, つげる -to inform
辻褄, つじつま -coherence, consistency
途中, つちゅう -on the way, en route
突っ張る, つっぱる -to support, to become stiff, to become taut, to thrust (ones opponent), to stick to (ones opinion), to in
筒, つつ -pipe, tube
銃, つつ -gun
突く, つつく -1. to thrust, to strike, to attack, 2. to poke, to nudge, to pick at
慎む, つつしむ -to be careful, to be chaste or discreet, to abstain or refrain
伝言, つてごと -verbal message, rumor, word
勤まる, つとまる -to be fit for, to be equal to, to function properly
勤め先, つとめさき -place of work
努めて, つとめて -make an effort!, work hard!
津波, つなみ -tsunami, tidal wave
抓る, つねる -to pinch
募る, つのる -to invite, to solicit help participation etc
唾, つば -saliva, sputum
呟く, つぶやく -to mutter, to murmur
瞑る, つぶる -to close the eyes
壷, つぼ -tsubo jar, pot, vase
蕾, つぼみ -bud, flower bud
躓く, つまずく -to stumble, to trip
摘む, つまむ -to pinch, to hold, to pick up
詰らない, つまらない -insignificant, boring, trifling
詰まり, つまり -in short, in brief, in other words, that is to say, in the long run, after all, blockade, stuffing, ultimate
積もり, つもり -intention, plan
露, つゆ -dew
強まる, つよまる -to get strong, to gain strength
強める, つよめる -to strengthen, to emphasize
連なる, つらなる -to extend, to stretch out, to stand in a row
貫く, つらぬく -to go through
連ねる, つらねる -to link, to join, to put together
釣り, つり -fishing, angling
吊り革, つりかわ -strap
釣鐘, つりがね -hanging bell
吊るす, つるす -to hang
手当て, てあて -allowance, compensation, treatment, medical care
体, てい -appearance, air, condition, state, form
提供, ていきょう -offer, tender, program sponsoring, furnishing
定義, ていぎ -definition
提携, ていけい -cooperation, tie-up, joint business, link-up
体裁, ていさい -decency, style, form, appearance, show, get-up, format
梯子, ていし -ladder, stairs
定食, ていしょく -set meal, special (of the day)
提示, ていじ -presentation, exhibit, suggest, citation
訂正, ていせい -correction, revision
停滞, ていたい -stagnation, tie-up, congestion, retention, accumulation, falling into arrears
邸宅, ていたく -mansion, residence
定年, ていねん -retirement age
堤防, ていぼう -bank, weir
手遅れ, ておくれ -too late, belated treatment
手数, てかず -number of moves, trouble
手掛かり, てがかり -contact, trail, scent, on hand, hand hold, clue, key
手掛ける, てがける -to handle, to manage, to work with, to rear, to look after, to have experience with
手軽, てがる -easy, simple, informal, offhand, cheap
適応, てきおう -adaptation, accommodation, conformity
適宜, てきぎ -suitability
適性, てきせい -aptitude
手際, てぎわ -performance, skill, tact
手順, てじゅん -process, procedure, protocol
手錠, てじょう -handcuffs, manacles
手近, てぢか -near, handy, familiar
てっきり -surely, certainly, beyond doubt
鉄鋼, てっこう -iron and steel
徹する, てっする -to sink in, to penetrate, to devote oneself, to believe in, to go through, to do intently and exclusively
鉄片, てっぺん -iron scraps
手配, てはい -arrangement, search (by police)
手筈, てはず -arrangement, plan, programme
手引き, てびき -guidance, guide, introduction
手本, てほん -model, pattern
手回し, てまわし -preparations, arrangements
手元, てもと -on hand, at hand, at home
照り返す, てりかえす -to reflect, to throw back light
手分け, てわけ -division of labour
店, てん -store, shop, establishment
点火, てんか -ignition, lighting, set fire to
転回, てんかい -revolution, rotation
転換, てんかん -convert, divert
転居, てんきょ -moving, changing residence
転勤, てんきん -transfer, transmission
点検, てんけん -inspection, examination, checking
転校, てんこう -change schools
天国, てんごく -paradise, heaven, Kingdom of Heaven
天才, てんさい -genius, prodigy, natural gift
天災, てんさい -natural calamity, disaster
展示, てんじ -exhibition, display
天井, てんじょう -ceiling, ceiling price
転じる, てんじる -to turn, to shift, to alter, to distract
点線, てんせん -dotted line, perforated line
天体, てんたい -heavenly body
転転, てんてん -rolling about, moving from place to place, being passed around repeatedly
てんで -(not) at all, altogether, entirely
転任, てんにん -change of post
展望, てんぼう -view, outlook, prospect
転落, てんらく -fall, degradation, slump
出合う, であう -to meet by chance, to come across, to happen to encounter, to hold a rendezvous, to have a date
出入り口, でいりぐち -exit and entrance
でかい -huge
出来物, できもの -able man, tumour, growth, boil, ulcer, abcess, rash, pimple
出切る, できる -to be out of, to have no more at hand
出くわす, でくわす -to happen to meet, to come across
出鱈目, でたらめ -irresponsible utterance, nonsense, nonsensical, random, haphazard, unsystematic
出直し, でなおし -adjustment, touch up
田園, でんえん -country, rural districts
電源, でんげん -source of electricity, power (button on TV etc.)
伝説, でんせつ -tradition, legend, folklore
電線, でんせん -electric line
伝達, でんたつ -transmission (e.g. news), communication, delivery
伝来, でんらい -ancestral, hereditary, imported, transmitted, handed down
と -1. if (conjunction), 2. promoted pawn (shogi) (abbr)
問い合わせる, といあわせる -to enquire, to seek information
問屋, といや -wholesale store
問う, とう -to ask, to question, to charge (i.e. with a crime), to accuse, without regard to (neg)
棟, とう -place, section, building
等, とう -et cetera, etc., and the like
陶器, とうき -pottery, ceramics
等級, とうきゅう -grade, class
討議, とうぎ -debate, discussion
登校, とうこう -attendance (at school)
統合, とうごう -integration, unification, synthesis
倒産, とうさん -(corporate) bankruptcy, insolvency
投資, とうし -investment
統治, とうじ -rule, reign, government, governing
統制, とうせい -regulation, control
当選, とうせん -being elected, winning the prize
逃走, とうそう -flight, desertion, escape
統率, とうそつ -command, lead, generalship, leadership
到達, とうたつ -reaching, attaining, arrival
到底, とうてい -(cannot) possibly
丁々, とうとう -clashing of swords, felling of trees, ringing of an ax
投入, とうにゅう -throw, investment, making (an electrical circuit)
当人, とうにん -the one concerned, the said person
逃亡, とうぼう -escape
冬眠, とうみん -hibernation, winter sleep
登録, とうろく -registration, register, entry, record
討論, とうろん -debate, discussion
遠ざかる, とおざかる -to go far off
遠回り, とおまわり -detour, roundabout way
通りかかる, とおりかかる -to happen to pass by
兎角, とかく -anyhow, anyway, somehow or other, generally speaking, in any case, this and that, many, be apt to
咎める, とがめる -to blame, to find fault, to take someone to task, to aggravate (an injury)
時折, ときおり -sometimes
跡切れる, とぎれる -to pause, to be interrupted
説く, とく -to explain, to advocate, to preach, to persuade
特技, とくぎ -special skill
特産, とくさん -specialty, special product
特集, とくしゅう -feature (e.g. newspaper), special edition, report
得点, とくてん -score, points made, marks obtained, runs
特派, とくは -send specially, special envoy
特有, とくゆう -characteristic (of), peculiar (to)
研ぐ, とぐ -to sharpen, to grind, to scour, to hone, to polish, to wash (rice)
刺, とげ -thorn, splinter, spine, biting words
遂げる, とげる -to accomplish, to achieve, to carry out
床, とこ -bed, sickbed, alcove, padding
所が, ところが -however, while, even if
所で, ところで -by the way, even if, no matter what
年頃, としごろ -age, marriageable age, age of puberty, adolescence, for some years
年寄り, としより -old people, the aged
戸締り, とじまり -closing up, fastening the doors
途上, とじょう -en route, half way
綴じる, とじる -to bind, to file
途絶える, とだえる -to stop, to cease, to come to an end
特許, とっきょ -special permission, patent
疾っくに, とっくに -long ago, already, a long time ago
特権, とっけん -privilege, special right
咄嗟, とっさ -moment, instant
取っ手, とって -handle, grip, knob
突破, とっぱ -breaking through, breakthrough, penetration
突如, とつじょ -suddenly, all of a sudden
迚も, とても -very, awfully, exceedingly
整える, ととのえる -to put in order, to get ready, to arrange, to adjust
届け, とどけ -report, notification, registration
滞る, とどこおる -to stagnate, to be delayed
止まる, とどまる -to be limited to
留める, とどめる -to stop, to cease, to put an end to
止める, とどめる -to stop, to cease, to put an end to
唱える, となえる -to recite, to chant, to call upon
兎に角, とにかく -anyhow, at any rate, anyway, somehow or other, generally speaking, in any case
殿様, とのさま -feudal lord
幕, とばり -curtain, bunting, act (in play)
帳, とばり -curtain
扉, とびら -door, opening
徒歩, とほ -walking, going on foot
乏しい, とぼしい -meagre, scarce, limited, destitute, hard up, scanty, poor
富, とみ -wealth, fortune
富む, とむ -to be rich, to become rich
兎も角, ともかく -anyhow, anyway, somehow or other, generally speaking, in any case
共稼ぎ, ともかせぎ -working together, (husband and wife) earning a living together
灯, ともしび -light
伴う, ともなう -to accompany, to bring with, to be accompanied by, to be involved in
共働き, ともばたらき -dual income
捕らえる, とらえる -to seize, to grasp, to capture, to arrest
取りあえず, とりあえず -at once, first of all, for the time being
取り扱い, とりあつかい -treatment, service, handling, management
取り扱う, とりあつかう -to treat, to handle, to deal in
鳥居, とりい -torii (Shinto shrine archway)
取り替え, とりかえ -swap, exchange
取り組む, とりくむ -to tackle, to wrestle with, to engage in a bout, to come to grips with
取り締まり, とりしまり -control, management, supervision
取り締まる, とりしまる -to manage, to control, to supervise
取り調べる, とりしらべる -to investigate, to examine
取り立てる, とりたてる -to collect, to extort, to appoint, to promote
取り次ぐ, とりつぐ -to act as an agent for, to announce (someone), to convey (a message)
取り除く, とりのぞく -to remove, to take away, to set apart
取り引き, とりひき -transactions, dealings, business
取り巻く, とりまく -to surround, to circle, to enclose
取り混ぜる, とりまぜる -to mix, to put together
取り戻す, とりもどす -to take back, to regain
取り寄せる, とりよせる -to order, to send away for
取り分, とりわけ -especially, above all
蕩ける, とろける -to be enchanted with
とんだ -terrible, awful, serious, preposterous, absolutely not
胴, どう -trunk, body, frame
働, どう -work, labor
同, どう -the same, the said, ibid.
同意, どうい -agreement, consent, same meaning, same opinion, approval
動員, どういん -mobilization
同感, どうかん -agreement, same opinion, same feeling, sympathy, concurrence
動機, どうき -motive, incentive
同級, どうきゅう -the same grade, same class
同居, どうきょ -living together
動向, どうこう -trend, tendency, movement, attitude
同士, どうし -fellow, companion, comrade
同志, どうし -same mind, comrade, kindred soul
如何して, どうして -why?, for what reason, how, in what way, for what purpose, what for
如何しても, どうしても -by all means, at any cost, no matter what, after all, in the long run, cravingly, at any rate, surely
同情, どうじょう -sympathy, compassion, sympathize, pity, feel for
道場, どうじょう -dojo, hall used for martial arts training, mandala
何卒, どうぞ -please, kindly, by all means
どうぞ宜しく, どうぞよろしく -pleased to meet you
同調, どうちょう -sympathy, agree with, alignment, tuning
動的, どうてき -dynamic, kinetic
同等, どうとう -equality, equal, same rights, same rank
堂々, どうどう -magnificent, grand, impressive
どうにか -in some way or other, one way or another
導入, どうにゅう -introduction, bringing in, leading in
同封, どうふう -enclosure (e.g. in a letter)
同盟, どうめい -alliance, union, league
どうやら -it seems like, somehow or other
動揺, どうよう -disturbance, unrest, shaking, trembling, pitching, rolling, oscillation, agitation, excitement, commotion
動力, どうりょく -power, motive power, dynamic force
独裁, どくさい -dictatorship, despotism
読者, どくしゃ -reader
独自, どくじ -original, peculiar, characteristic
独占, どくせん -monopoly
独創, どくそう -originality
何処, どこ -where, what place
何処か, どこか -somewhere, anywhere, in some respects
土産, どさん -product of the land
土台, どだい -foundation, base, basis
何方, どちら -which, who
土手, どて -embankment, bank
何方, どなた -who?
怒鳴る, どなる -to shout, to yell
何の, どの -which, what
土俵, どひょう -arena
土木, どぼく -public works
何れ, どれ -well, now, let me see, which (of three or more)
何々, どれどれ -which (emphatic)
度忘れ, どわすれ -lapse of memory, forget for a moment
鈍感, どんかん -thickheadedness, stolidity