Interesting social sciences/Glossary of terms

Glossary of terms

Absolute truth is the complete correspondence of the form of the psyche (for example, judgment, image, etc.) and the object of knowledge.

Absolute delusion is a complete discrepancy between the form of the psyche and the object of knowledge.

Authoritarianism is a political regime in which the ruler controls only some areas of society.

Agents of socialization are individuals, groups or organizations that provide training and help a person master roles, they are a family, a school, a media, a group of teenagers.

Agnosticism is a theory about the fundamental impossibility of knowing the world around us, since the world around us does not exist, but only our consciousness and our sensations exist.

Additive behavior is behavior that consists in escapism by taking various psychotropic drugs - alcohol, drugs, toxins, smoking tobacco.

Axiology is the science of values.

Altruism is the willingness to sacrifice for other people.

Questionnaire is a multiplied document containing several dozen questions.

Anomia (sociology) is a state of lawlessness, a non-norm that exists in modern large cities, occurs in the country during a period of revolution or rebellion.

Anti-social behavior is behavior that constitutes the commission of acts contrary to ethics and morality.

Philosophical anthropology is the doctrine about man.

Apartheid is South Africa's system of segregating whites and "people of color" in the recent past.

Apeiron (according to Anaximander's theory) is infinitely divisible.

Aporia (translated from Greek) is a hopeless position, logical contradiction or puzzle.

Apostle is disciple of Jesus Christ.

Aristocracy is a form of government in which there is the power of a good minority of citizens.

Artifact is the creation of human hands

Asceticism (from the Greek "exercise") is the ultimate limitation of one's needs.

Atheist is a person who does not believe in the existence of a god, he is an atheist.

Atman (in Buddhism) is emptiness, God.

Biosphere is the shell of the Earth, it is an open system created by living organisms.

Behaviorism (from English behavior - behavior) is the science about behavior.

Bohemianism is a culture of artists and painters.

Marriage is a voluntary union between a man and a woman for the purpose of starting a family.

Bourgeoisie is a class of entrepreneurs.

Government budget is an estimate of government revenues and expenditures.

Budget deficit is the excess of government spending over income, covered either by loans or by cash issue

Bureaucracy is a hierarchical organization built on administrative control and a clique's struggle for power behind the scenes.

Gross national product (GNP) is the total market value of all goods and services produced in the country for the year

Verification procedure is a test of philosophical concepts for scientificity, for compliance with facts.

Veto is the right of one authority to accept or reject proposed ordinances, decrees, or laws passed by another authority.

Guilt is a negative judgment about yourself.

Political power is the ability to exercise social control over the activities of people in the political sphere.

Election is a democratic procedure with help which the executors on the office of president, deputy or governor are determined.

Higher or exploitative (in Marxist terminology) class is a group of people who are controllers in society.

Heliocentrism is a theory about the rotation of the Earth and the planets of the solar system around the Sun.

Geographical direction in sociology is a theory whose representatives believed that geographical factors influence on society.

Geopolitics (from Greek land + state affairs) is the public science about control over territory.

Geocentric model is a false theory about the rotation of the Sun, planets and stars around the Earth.

Geoeconomics is the global economy.

Gerontocracy is the rule of old people.

Gerusia is the council of elders (in Greek - geronts).

Hypnosis is the suggestion of norms of behavior through the immersion of a person in a trance.

Global society is a modern society throughout the globe, when a single earthly civilization arose instead of many isolated local civilizations.

Epistemology is a theory about human knowledge of the world.

Homeostasis is the process of maintaining equilibrium.

State (polity) is a political organization that controls the activities of citizens in society.

Civil society is a collection of people, groups and non-governmental organizations that should be able to control the activities of the bureaucracy.

Group marriage is a marriage between several men and several women.

Social movement is active group of people whose goal is to establish a new system of life.

Devaluation is the depreciation of the national currency.

Deviant behavior (sociology) is abnormal behavior.

Deduction is condescension from abstract to concrete, from axioms to consequences and predictions that should be checked.

Acting crowd is an aggressive crowd.

Demagogue is a person who knows how to influence a crowd in personal unseemly interests.

Demography is the science of population numbers, composition and change.

Democracy is a political regime in which the ruler can control only the political sphere, but within the framework of the constitution.

Ochlocracy is rabble power, a form of government in which power belongs to the majority of citizens who rule badly.

Money is a special commodity that is accepted by all people in exchange for any other goods.

Default is gross deception, the government's refusal to pay the debts of its creditors.

Dialectics is the art of dispute.

Dictatorship is a strong power that often means tyranny.

Dynamics is a description of the sequence of stages in the development of the structure of a social organism, that is, the emergence of more and more new organizations and groups.

Strike is a way of conducting an administrative conflict on the part of employees, which means stopping work until the employer agrees to an increase in wages.

Law is the norm and rule of conduct.

Id is the instinctive core of personality.

Subjective idealism is a theory according to which things are complexes of our sensations, there are not things, but only our consciousness.

Ideology is a theoretical system that justifies certain values ​ ​ and norms.

Isomorphism is a similarity of various systems.

Social hierarchy is a pyramid.

Empire is a country built with help of conquest.

Impeachment (from English impeachment - accusation, conviction) - the procedure for removing the president of the country from office by parliament.

Import is the purchase of goods abroad.

Inductive reasoning is the ascent from concrete to abstract, from experienced data to theory.

Industrialization is the creation of industry.

Instinctivism is the theory that social processes are explained by people's instincts.

Symbolic interactionism is a theory whose representatives believe that people exchange information, conflict and control the activities of other people using symbols - gestures, acting out scenes and creating an image.

Introvert is a person whose interest is directed towards himself, he is guided in his behavior only by internal principles.

Intuition is the perception of the world around a person or animal with the help of the unconscious, when, based on past experience and without any thought, from somewhere in the depths of the subconscious, a ready-made recipe for solving a problem or a ready-made action plan in the form of a premonition emerges.

Inflation (from Latin "bloat") is the process of raising the overall level of prices in a country, leading to the depreciation of the monetary unit.

Economic infrastructure is the construction of a transport network, ports, communications, gasification and electrification.

Irrationalism is a current in philosophy that insists on limiting the role of the mind in history and cognition, where instincts, intuition and feelings play the main role.

Art is a specific form of reflecting the world around us using artistic images.

Truth is confirmability, consistency and efficiency.

Cadastre is a taxpayer's book.

Cartel is an agreement between oligarchs to share the sales market, agree on sales volumes and price levels for each of them.

Caste is group of people in a social hierarchy where social lifts are completely off, so people have no way of pursuing a career.

Social class is a large group of people that occupies a certain place in the system of social control.

Clique (from the French "gang," "gang") is a small group of comrades-in-arms, closely united among themselves in order to achieve unseemly goals at any cost.

Сlergy is a hierarchical pyramid of priests with severe discipline within that pyramid.

Coacervate is protocell, organic structure, surrounded by fatty membranes.

Code of law is a lot of laws describing the norms of behavior in some area of ​ ​ activity - in the economy, family sphere and the like.

Collective agreement is a legal act governing the relationship between an employer and employees in an enterprise.

Administrative-command system is a way of organizing the economy in which land and capital are state-owned and the allocation of resources is in the hands of state central authorities in accordance with state plans.

Inferiority complex is a deep pervasive sense of one's own inferiority compared to other people.

Communist movement is one of the directions of the socialist movement, the communists, in fact, following the example of Lenin, seek to seize power without elections or cancel free elections after they come to power in elections, establish tyranny or oligarchy instead of representative democracy, abolish private property and the market.

Market competition is an economic conflict for the right to obtain economic resources.

Conservatism is a movement whose representatives have the goal of restoring social order, sometimes even a return to the past, preserving the power of the old elite, bureaucracy or aristocracy, preserving traditional moral, family and religious values.

Counterculture is a type of culture whose norms contradict those of mainstream culture.

Social control is a type of social interaction in which the controller forces the object of control to comply with the norms by threatening to apply positive or negative sanctions, by introducing stereotypes.

Confederation is a form of territorial structure where almost all powers and tax revenues remain at the periphery.

Social conflict is a type of social interaction in which participants try to defeat their opponents through various means in order to physically destroy the enemy, turn him into an object of control or conquer someone else's sphere of influence and resources.

Conflict theories are a school in sociology, whose representatives believe that social conflicts are inevitable, but they need to be settled.

Conformity is a person's willingness to submit to pressure or threats.

Market conjuncture is the ratio of supply and demand.

Blood feud is the custom of members of a primitive tribe to help each other in the process of revenge for damage caused by strangers.

Xenophobia is fear and dislike of other cultures and other people's customs

Cult is a system of rites, symbolic objects, musical instruments that have the function of an influence enhancer in the hands of a priest.

Culture (from Latin "colere" - to cultivate or cultivate soil) is a system of values, ideas about the world and rules of behavior common to a certain group of people.

Material culture is material values ​ ​ created by members of society, from weapons to cars.

Intangible culture is a world of ideas created by members of society from altruism to Buddhism.

Buy-sell is the exchange of goods for money.

Laconic style of speech (from the name of the area in Sparta - Laconia) is a short and clear style in the expression of thought.

Legitimate is legal.

Liberal movement (from the English word liberty - freedom) is a movement whose representatives aim to carry out gradual peaceful reforms and introduce political freedoms.

Lobby (politology) is pressure groups.

Formal logics is the science about the laws of correct thinking.

Lie is unconfirmed, contradictory and ineffective.

Lockout (from the English "slam the door in front of someone")(industry) is the closure of an enterprise for several weeks without pay for workers.

Love is an attraction between a man and a woman.

Lumpenproletariat is a social group, which includes the lower classes of society - criminals, vagabonds and beggars.

Majority bonus system is an election system in which voters vote not for parties, but for specific candidates

Maximalist (psychology) is a person who wants to get everything or nothing from life, he does not accept half measures.

Small group(sociology) is a small number of people - from 2 to 15 people, between whom a relationship of moral leadership is established.

Mass (politology) is the non-creative majority of people, it is a collection of people who care about the same problem, but they are not in close proximity to each other.

Matter (philosophy) is all that surrounds us, except ideas and feelings, it is matter and physical fields.

Melancholic (psychology) (from the Greek "melass hole" - black bile) is a weak type of temperament.

Meritocracy (from English merit - "merit") is "the power of honored people."

Mechanicism in sociology is a theory whose representatives believed that society is like an aggregate of elements, each of which can be studied independently of each other.

Mysticism (from Greek - "secret") is supernatural phenomena and spiritual practice aimed at connecting with the otherworld and supernatural forces.

Social mobility is the movement of people along the social "ladder."

Vertical mobility is the movement of people up or down the social "ladder" during life with an increase or decrease in social status.

Horizontal mobility is movement along one level of the social ladder without changing social status.

Fashion is the desire of the lower classes to imitate the elite.

Fashionable thing is identification mark indicating belonging to the elite.

Monetarism is a line of economic thought that denies - as opposed to Keynesianism - the need for government regulation of economic activity. He prefers anti-inflationary policies aimed at maintaining the stability of the monetary system.

Monogamy is the marriage of one man and one woman.

Monopoly of foreign trade is a provision when only the state, and not private firms, has the right to conclude foreign trade transactions on the export and import of goods.

Monotheism is belief in the only God.

Taxe is mandatory payment levied by tax authorities from organizations and individuals for the purpose of financing the state and municipalities.

Naturalism in sociology is the point of view that social phenomena obey the laws inherent in nature - the laws of physics, mechanics, biology, geography.

Nationalization of enterprises is the redemption or seizure by the state of enterprises from private owners.

Science is a human activity to obtain, systematize and test knowledge

Nation is an ethnos that has managed to build a capitalist society - a common national market, democracy, private property, a rule of law, a national culture.

Inferior or exploited (in Marxist terminology) class is a group of people who are subject to control in society.

Nirvana (in Buddhism) is the attainment of a state of utter equanimity and indifference, supreme bliss, happiness and calming.

Nomenclatura - this term originally meant "list of positions," and later began to mean the ruling layer under socialism

Noosphere is the shell of the Earth, which is the result of human activity.

Social norm is rule of behavior.

Social exchange theory in sociology is a theory whose representatives believed that in the process of social interaction, people exchange goods, services, information and gratitude, before entering into social interaction, people weigh future rewards and costs.

Society is a progressively evolving open system which is built on a relationship of conflict and control between different personality types.

Oligarchy is a form of government where power is in the hands of a few and unworthy citizens - oligarchs.

Homonym is word that have not one, but two or more meanings.

Opposition party is the kind of party which lost in the last election.

Exit poll is an informal proposal for voters toto write their choice that to control the actions of the election commission.

Organization is a system of interrelated and specialized statuses.

Organicism in sociology is a theory whose representatives believe that society and the body are similar to each other.

Orthodoxy is the desire of some scientists for backwardness.

Ostracism is an extreme sanction of the group, expressed in refusal to talk, bullying, harassment.

Open system is one that has input and output, exchanges matter and energy with the environment, and maintains internal equilibrium.

Relative truth is the partial correspondence of the form of the psyche and the object of knowledge.

Ochlocracy (from Greek ochlos - crowd) is the power of the crowd, rabble, bandits.

Sensation (psychology) is the most elementary form of sensory cognition.

Memory is the ability of a person to preserve and reproduce information received earlier.

Pan-Slavism is a cultural and political trend among the Slavic peoples, which is based on ideas about the ethnic and linguistic community of the Slavs, the need for their political unification.

Punk subculture (from the English punk - garbage, scum) - a subculture, a characteristic feature of which is a love of fast and energetic rock music (punk rock) and freedom, a protest against the establishment, conservatism, authoritarianism, nationalism and radical capitalism, as well as a commitment to the ideals of anti-racism and anti-fascism

Paradigm (from Greek - "sample," "template") is a scientific principle, a model or sample for conducting research, or a scientific formula.

Parliament is the legislature body of government.

Parliamentary republic is a state where the government bears full responsibility for its activities before parliament.

Party (political sciences) is an organization created to win elections and master government leadership

Passionarity is passion, will to live, strength of character.

Patriarchal marriage is a form of marriage where the husband has more power over other family members,

Pacifism is the desire to preserve peace and prohibit wars.

Peripatetic school (from Greek "strollers") is a school in Greek philosophy to which Aristotle's students belonged.

Permanent revolution is a world, continuous revolution along a chain in different countries.

Plagiarism is the "theft" of ideas in science.

Tribe is an ethnic group that has managed to streamline the reproduction of people, exclude cases of children with hereditary diseases due to incest and create their own dialect, customs, and conquer their territory.

Pluralism is ideological diversity.

Polyandry is the marriage of one woman and several men.

Polygyny is the marriage of one man and several women.

Polytheism is the belief in many gods.

Political science is the science about the political structure of society.

Concept is the designation and name of things.

Law is a system of norms and rules of conduct established by the state, the execution of which is ensured by the force of state coercion.

Rule of law is a state where the law rules, not an official, where even an official, even the president of the country is obliged to comply with the law.

Ownership is the right to own, use and dispose of one's property.

Ruling party is the kind of partiy that won the last election.

Pragmatism is a philosophical theory, from the point of view of which, the idea is true insofar as faith in it is beneficial for our life.

Entrepreneurial activity is an independent activity aimed at systematic profit from the sale of goods or the provision of services.

Presidential system is a state where the president who wins the general election is the head of the executive branch, and the legislative branch is concentrated in the hands of parliament.

Crime is a socially dangerous act provided for by criminal law.

Profit (economics) is the excess of the amount of income from the sale of goods over the amount of costs for the production of these goods.

Privatization is the transfer of public ownership to private ownership through the sale of state-owned enterprises at auction into the hands of private owners

Progress is a complication, the emergence of new connections and elements in the system.

Labor productivity is the number of goods produced per unit of time.

Arbitrariness is illegal actions of the authorities.

Proletariat (in Marxist terminology) is a class of wage workers.

Protectionism is a policy of protecting domestic producers from competition from foreign producers.

Social psychology (sociology) is a direction whose representatives believe that the laws of society can be reduced to the laws of psychology.

Development (social sciences) is the complication or simplification of a system.

Revolution (from Latin revolution - turn, change) social is a way of changing the social structure, in which innovations are often carried out from below through riots or armed seizure of power, this is a process when one social group takes political power away from another social group by force of arms

Regression (social sciences) is the simplification of the system, the disappearance of some connections and elements from it.

Reincarnation is a myth about the resettlement of souls.

Rating is the level of popularity.