High School Earth Science/Igneous Rocks

This lesson will discuss igneous rocks, how they form, how they are classified, and some of their common uses. Igneous rocks may or may not be found naturally where you live, but chances are that you have seen materials made from igneous rocks. One of the most common igneous rocks is granite (Figure 4.9). Granite is used extensively in building materials and making statues. Perhaps you have used a pumice stone to smooth your skin or to do jobs around the house. Pumice is another example of an igneous rock (Figure 4.10). Pumice is used to make stone-washed denim jeans! Pumice stones are put into giant washing machines with newly-manufactured jeans and tumbled around to give jeans that distinctive "stonewashed" look. You also probably use igneous rock when you brush your teeth every morning. Ground up pumice stone is sometimes added to toothpaste to act as an abrasive material that scrubs your teeth clean.

Lesson Objectives

Describe how igneous rocks are formed.
Describe the properties of some common types of igneous rocks.
Relate some common uses of igneous rocks.

Crystallization

Igneous rocks form when molten material cools and hardens. They may form either below or above Earth's surface. They make up most of the rocks on Earth. Most igneous rock is buried below the surface and covered with sedimentary rock, and so we do not often see just how much igneous rock there is on Earth. In some places, however, large areas of igneous rocks can be seen at Earth's surface. Figure 4.11 shows a landscape in California's Sierra Nevada that consists entirely of granite, an igneous rock.

Figure 4.11: This landscape high in California's Sierra Nevada is completely made up of granite exposed at Earth's surface.

Igneous rocks are called intrusive when they cool and solidify beneath the surface. Because they form within the Earth, cooling can proceed slowly, as discussed in the chapter "Earth's Minerals". Because such slow cooling allows time for large crystals to form, intrusive igneous rock has relatively large mineral crystals that are easy to see. Granite is the most common intrusive igneous rock (Figure 4.12).

Figure 4.12: A close-up of a granite sample. Notice the black and white portions. Each color represents a different mineral in the rock. You can easily see the mineral crystals that make up this intrusive igneous rock.

Igneous rocks are called extrusive when they form above the surface. They solidify after molten material pours out onto the surface through an opening such as a volcano (Figure 4.13). Extrusive igneous rocks cool much more rapidly than intrusive rocks. They have smaller crystals, since the rapid cooling time does not allow time for large crystals to form. Some extrusive igneous rocks cool so rapidly that crystals do not develop at all. These form a glass, such as obsidian (Figure 4.14). Others, such as pumice, contain holes where gas bubbles were trapped when the material was still hot and molten. The holes make pumice so light that it actually floats in water. The most common extrusive igneous rock is basalt, a rock that is especially common below the oceans (Figure 4.15).

Figure 4.13: Extrusive igneous rocks form after lava cools above the surface. The lave spills out from the Earth at a volcano.

Figure 4.14: Obsidian is an extrusive igneous rock. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form, and it has a glassy texture.

Figure 4.15: These are examples of basalt below the South Pacific Ocean. Basalt is an extrusive igneous rock common below the oceans, though it is also found in some places on continents.

Composition

Igneous rocks are classified according to how and where they formed (in other words, if they're intrusive or extrusive) and their mineral composition (describing the minerals they contain). The mineral compositions of igneous rocks are usually described as being felsic, intermediate, mafic, or ultramafic (as examples, see Figure 4.16 and Figure 4.17). Felsic rocks are made of light-colored, low-density minerals such as quartz and feldspar. Mafic rocks are made of dark-colored, higher-density minerals such as olivine and pyroxene. Intermediate rocks have compositions between felsic and mafic. Ultramafic rocks contain more than 90% mafic minerals and have very few light, felsic minerals in them. Table 4.1 shows some common igneous rocks classified by mode of occurrence and mineral composition.

Table 4.1: Common Igneous Rocks
Mode of Occurrence	Mineral Composition
	Felsic	Intermediate	Mafic	Ultramafic
Extrusive	Rhyolite	Andesite	Basalt	Komatiite
Intrusive	Granite	Diorite	Gabbro	Peridotite

The rocks listed in the table above are the most common igneous rocks, but there are actually more than 700 different types of igneous rocks. Granite is perhaps the most useful one to humans. We use granite in many building materials and in art. As discussed in the introduction to this lesson, pumice is commonly used for abrasives. Peridotite is sometimes mined for peridot, a type of gemstone used in jewelry. Diorite is extremely hard and is commonly used for art. It was used extensively by ancient civilizations for vases and other decorative art work (Figure 4.18).

Figure 4.16: Rhyolite is an example of an extrusive felsic rock. Notice its light color and small crystals.

Figure 4.17: This is a close-up photograph of peridotite, an extrusive ultramafic igneous rock. The green mineral is olivine.

Figure 4.18: This vase was made by ancient Egyptians around 3,600 BC. It is made of the igneous rock diorite.

Lesson Summary

Igneous rocks form either when they cool very slowly deep within the Earth or when magma cools rapidly at the Earth's surface.
Composition of the magma will determine the minerals that will crystallize forming different types of igneous rocks.

Review Questions

What is the difference between an intrusive and an extrusive igneous rock?
Why do extrusive igneous rocks usually have smaller crystals than intrusive igneous rocks?
How are igneous rocks classified?
Describe two ways granite is different from basalt.
List three common uses of igneous rocks.
Occasionally, igneous rocks will contain both large crystals and tiny mineral crystals. Propose a way that both these size crystals might have formed in the rock.
Why is the ocean floor more likely to have extrusive rocks than intrusive rocks?

Vocabulary

extrusive: A type of igneous rock that forms above Earth's surface.
felsic: A type of igneous rock composition that is made mostly of light minerals such as quartz and feldspar.
intermediate: A type of igneous rock composition that is in between felsic and mafic.
intrusive: A type of igneous rock that forms inside the Earth.
mafic: A type of igneous rock composition that is made mostly of dense, dark minerals like olivine and pyroxene.
solidify: To harden after cooling.
ultramafic: A type of igneous rock that contains more than 90% mafic minerals.

Points to Consider

Do you think igneous rocks could form where you live?
Would all igneous rocks with the same composition have the same name? Explain why they might not.
Could an igneous rock cool at two different rates? What would the crystals in such a rock look like?

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