Fire Simulation for Engineers/FDS/Parking Lot
A simple car parking
editDescription
editIn Figure [fig:Car-parking-plan] a simple case of a fire in a car parking is proposed. The data are for demonstration only, and the proposed solution is only one of the many possible solutions.
The objectives of the analysis are:
• Study the critical times for evacuation and rescue operations from fire brigade of the car parking.
• Obtain adiabatic surface temperature to predict the mechanical response of the structure.
The following input file is called car_parking.fds, and it is deeply commented.
Input file and results
edit !!! General configuration&HEAD CHID='car_parking',
TITLE='Covered car parking (10 cars)' /
Name of the case and a brief explanation.
&TIME T_END=3600.0 /
The simulation ends at 3600 seconds.
&MISC SURF_DEFAULT='wall', CO_PRODUCTION=.TRUE. /
All bounding surfaces have a 'wall' boundary condition
unless otherwise specified.
Calculation of formation and destruction of CO at elevated
temperatures activated.
&REAC ID='polyurethane', SOOT_YIELD=0.1875, CO_YIELD=0.02775,
C=1.0, H=1.75, O=0.25, N=0.065,
HEAT_OF_COMBUSTION=25300., IDEAL=.TRUE. /
Gas phase reaction: polyurethane flexible foam (means) from
Tewarson SFPE Handbook 3rd ed,
SFPE handbook table 3-4.14, p. 3-112.
!!! Computational domain
&MESH IJK=32,30,10, XB= 0.0, 8.5, 0.5, 8.5, 0.0,2.4 /
&MESH IJK=32,30,10, XB=-8.5, 0.0, 0.5, 8.5, 0.0,2.4 /
&MESH IJK=32,30,10, XB= 0.0, 8.5,-7.5, 0.5, 0.0,2.4 /
&MESH IJK=32,30,10, XB=-8.5, 0.0,-7.5, 0.5, 0.0,2.4 /
Four connected calculation meshes and their cells numbers,
total 38400 cells.
!!! Properties
! Walls
&MATL ID='gypsum plaster', CONDUCTIVITY=0.48,
SPECIFIC_HEAT=0.84, DENSITY=1440. /
Thermo-physical properties of gypsum plaster.
&SURF ID='wall', COLOR='BRICK', MATL_ID='gypsum plaster',
THICKNESS=0.03 /
Type of boundary condition for walls.
! Cars
Burning surface of the car: (4 + 2 + 4 + 2) * 1.3 + 4 * 2 = 23.6 m2
HRR max for a car: 5000 kW, HRR ramps up in 600 s
HRRPUA: 5000 / 23.6 = 211.86 kW/m2 (approx: whole car burns)
&SURF ID='first_car', HRRPUA=211.86, TAU_Q=-600, COLOR='FLESH' /
Type of boundary conditions for the first burning car, a burner.
&MATL ID='car_mat', CONDUCTIVITY=54.0,
SPECIFIC_HEAT=0.465, DENSITY=7850.0 /
Properties for steel taken from NUREG-1805 pg. 2-11
&SURF ID='car', MATL_ID='car_mat', HRRPUA=211.86, TAU_Q=-600,
IGNITION_TEMPERATURE=250., THICKNESS=0.005,
BACKING='INSULATED', COLOR='DARK OLIVE GREEN 1' /
Type of boundary conditions for other cars.
!!! Solid geometry
&OBST XB= 7.5 , 7.75,-7.5, 7.5 ,0.0, 2.4 / E wall
&OBST XB= -7.5 ,-7.75,-7.5, 7.5 ,0.0, 2.4 / W wall
&OBST XB= -7.75, 7.75, 7.5, 7.75,0.0, 2.4 / N wall
&HOLE XB= -1.5 , 1.5 , 7.0, 8.0 ,0.0, 2.0 / N entrance
The entrance is open since the beginning.
&HOLE XB= 7.0 , 8.0 , 2.0, 7.0 ,2.0, 2.2, COLOR='PALE GREEN',
DEVC_ID='NE_broke', TRANSPARENCY=.6 / NE window
&HOLE XB= -7.0 ,-8.0 , 2.0, 7.0 ,2.0, 2.2, COLOR='PALE GREEN',
DEVC_ID='NW_broke', TRANSPARENCY=.6 / NW window
&HOLE XB= 7.0 , 8.0 ,-2.0,-7.0 ,2.0, 2.2, COLOR='PALE GREEN',
DEVC_ID='SE_broke', TRANSPARENCY=.6 / SE window
&HOLE XB= -7.0 ,-8.0 ,-2.0,-7.0 ,2.0, 2.2, COLOR='PALE GREEN',
DEVC_ID='SW_broke', TRANSPARENCY=.6 / SW window
Window panes are broken by temperature.
&VENT XB= -7.5 , 7.5 ,-7.5, 7.5 ,2.4, 2.4, SURF_ID='wall' / soffit
&VENT PBX= 8.5 , SURF_ID='OPEN' / E opening
&VENT PBX=-8.5 , SURF_ID='OPEN' / W opening
&VENT PBY= 8.5 , SURF_ID='OPEN' / N opening
&VENT PBZ= 2.4 , SURF_ID='OPEN' / top opening
Domain borders are open.
&OBST XB= 3.0 , 7.0 , 5.0, 7.0 ,0.2, 1.5, SURF_ID='car' / +E2 car
&OBST XB= 3.0 , 7.0 , 2.0, 4.0 ,0.2, 1.5, SURF_ID='car' / +E1 car
&OBST XB= 3.0 , 7.0 , -1.6, 0.4 ,0.2, 1.5, SURF_ID='car' / E0 car,
Asymmetric parking
&OBST XB= 3.0 , 7.0 , -2.0,-4.0 ,0.2, 1.5,
SURF_IDS='first_car','first_car','car' / -E1 car
&OBST XB= 3.0 , 7.0 , -5.0,-7.0 ,0.2, 1.5, SURF_ID='car' / -E2 car
&OBST XB=-3.0 ,-7.0 , 5.0, 7.0 ,0.2, 1.5, SURF_ID='car' / +W2 car
&OBST XB=-3.0 ,-7.0 , 2.0, 4.0 ,0.2, 1.5, SURF_ID='car' / +W1 car
&OBST XB=-3.0 ,-7.0 , -1.0, 1.0 ,0.2, 1.5, SURF_ID='car' / W0 car
&OBST XB=-3.0 ,-7.0 , -2.0,-4.0 ,0.2, 1.5, SURF_ID='car' / -W1 car
&OBST XB=-3.0 ,-7.0 , -5.0,-7.0 ,0.2, 1.5, SURF_ID='car' / -W2 car
!!! Control logic
&DEVC ID='NE_broke', XYZ= 7.0, 4.5, 2.1,
QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE', SETPOINT=300. /
&DEVC ID='NW_broke', XYZ=-7.0, 4.5, 2.1,
QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE', SETPOINT=300. /
&DEVC ID='SE_broke', XYZ= 7.0,-4.5, 2.1,
QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE', SETPOINT=300. /
&DEVC ID='SW_broke', XYZ=-7.0,-4.5, 2.1,
QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE', SETPOINT=300. /
These devices effectively break window panes at 300 °C.
!!! Output
&DEVC XYZ=0.1,0,2.39, QUANTITY='THERMOCOUPLE', ID='2.4' /
&DEVC XYZ=0.1,0,2.0 , QUANTITY='THERMOCOUPLE', ID='2.0' /
&DEVC XYZ=0.1,0,1.6 , QUANTITY='THERMOCOUPLE', ID='1.6' /
&DEVC XYZ=0.1,0,1.2 , QUANTITY='THERMOCOUPLE', ID='1.2' /
&DEVC XYZ=0.1,0, .8 , QUANTITY='THERMOCOUPLE', ID='0.8' /
&DEVC XYZ=0.1,0, .4 , QUANTITY='THERMOCOUPLE', ID='0.4' /
Thermocouples.
&DEVC XYZ=0.1,0,2.0 , QUANTITY='FED', ID='FED' /
FED calculation.
&DEVC XB=0.1,0.1,0,0,0.0,2.4,
QUANTITY='LAYER HEIGHT', ID='layer_h' /
Layer height calculation.
&ISOF QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE', VALUE(1)=60.0 /
3D contours of temperature at 60 °C.
&ISOF QUANTITY='VISIBILITY', VALUE(1)=10.0 /
3D contours of VISIBILITY 10 m.
&SLCF PBX= 0.1, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE', VECTOR=.TRUE. /
&SLCF PBY= -3., QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE', VECTOR=.TRUE. /
Vector slices colored by temperature.
&SLCF PBX= 0.1, QUANTITY='VISIBILITY' /
&SLCF PBZ= 2.0, QUANTITY='VISIBILITY' /
Visibility slices.
&SLCF PBX= 0.1, QUANTITY='VOLUME FRACTION',
SPEC_ID='carbon monoxide' /
&SLCF PBX= 0.1, QUANTITY='VOLUME FRACTION',
SPEC_ID='carbon dioxide' /
&SLCF PBX= 0.1, QUANTITY='VOLUME FRACTION',
SPEC_ID='oxygen' /
species slices.
&BNDF QUANTITY='WALL TEMPERATURE' /
&BNDF QUANTITY='NET HEAT FLUX' /
&BNDF QUANTITY='ADIABATIC SURFACE TEMPERATURE' /
Quantities at all solid obstructions.
&TAIL / end of file
