Emergency Medicine/Pediatric Rehydration
Pediatric Rehydration
edit- Alex Flaxmanman==
Clinical Eval of Dehydration
edit- Mild (3–5%): HR nl or ↓, ↓ UO, thirsty, nl PE ==
- Moderate (7–10%): cool and pale, tachy, delayed cap refill, little or no UO, irritable/lethargic, sunken eyes and fontanel, ↓ tears, dry MM, mild skin tenting ==
- Severe (10–15%): cold and mottled, pulse rapid and weak, ↓ BP, no UO, very sunken eyes and fontanel, no tears, parched MM, skin tenting, very delayed capillary refill ==
Oral rehydration
edit- Pick a fluid (more later) ==
- Mild dehydration- 50 mL/kg within 4 hr ==
- Moderate dehydration- 100 mL/kg over 4 hr ==
- Additional fluids as per clinical condition ==
- Vomiting with the first 2 hrs of ORS → 1 teaspoon q1-2min ==
Oral Rehydration Solutions
editAfter Rehydration
edit- Resume breast feeding, or usual formula/milk ==
- Resume feeding, if appropriate ==
Parenteral Rehydration
edit- (IVF) ==
Bolus
edit- 20 ml/kg, over 20 min ==
- Use isotonic fluids- NS or LR ==
- Blood, 5% albumin, plasma ==
End Points
edit- “Adequate intravascular volume” ==
- Clinical improvement ==
- ↓ HR ===
- Normal BP ===
- Improved tissue perfusion (UO) ===
- More alert affect ===
Post-acute Treatment
edit- Must complete initial rehydration ==
- Calculate amount of fluids needed ==
- Dehydration % ===
- Maintenance ===
- Ongoing losses (e.g. cont’d V/D) ===
- Give ½ minus any boluses in first 8 hrs ==
- Give ½ in following 16 hrs ==
Monitoring- Give enough
edit- Vitals ==
- Pulse ===
- BP ===
- CVP- if critically ill ===
- I/O’s ==
- Fluid balance ===
- UO and specific gravity ===
- Physical Exam ==
- Daily weight ===
- Clinical signs of depletion or overload ===
- Electrolytes ==
But not too much
edit- Edema ==
- Pulmonary congestion ==
Calculations- Where to start
edit- Mild 3–5% → 5% ==
- Moderate 7–10% → 10% ==
- Severe 10–15% → 15% ==
Calculating Deficits
edit- Water Deficit = % dehydration × weight ==
- Sodium Deficit = Water deficit × 80 mEq/L ==
- Potassium Deficit = Water deficit × 30 mEq/L ==
Maintenance Fluids- Goals
edit- Prevent dehydration ==
- Prevent electrolyte disorders ==
- Prevent ketoacidosis ==
- Prevent protein degradation ==
Maintenance Fluids- Calculations
edit- “100/50/20” rule ==
- 100 ml/kg for up to the 1st 10 kg of body weight* ===
- 50 ml/kg for up to the 2nd 10 kg of body weight ===
- 20 ml/kg for up to the 3rd 10 kg of body weight ===
- Max total fluid/day usually 2-2.5L cc ==
Maintenance- Rate
editA calculator exists for this calculation.
- “4/2/1” Rule ==
- 0–10 kg: 4 mL/kg/hr
- 10–20 kg: 40 mL/hr + 2 mL/kg/hr × (wt-10 kg)
- >20 kg: 60 mL/hr + 1 mL/kg/hr × (wt-20 kg)
IV Fluids
edit- NS ==
- [Na] 154 mEq ===
- [Cl] 154 mEq ===
- LR ==
- [Na] 130 mEq ===
- [Cl] 109 mEq ===
- [K] 4 mEq ===
- [Ca] 3 mEq ===
- [Lactate] 28 mEq ===
Special Cases
edit- Metabolic Acidosis (RTA, renal insufficiency) ==
- Replace some NaCl with NaHCO3 or Na-acetate ===
- If acidosis caused by lactic acidosis, be careful giving HCO3 ==
- As correct acid-base problems, watch K ==
Special Cases (cont’d)
edit- Fever ==
- Premature infants ==
- Radiant warmers ===
- Phototherapy ===
Special Cases- Lungs
edit- ↑ Fluids requirement ==
- Tachypnea ==
- Tracheostomy ==
- ↓ Fluids requirement ==
- Mist tent ==
- Vent ==
Special Cases (cont’d)
edit- NGT ==
- Surgical drains ==
Special Cases (cont’d)
edit- Diarrhea dehydration ==
- Isotonic 60-70% ===
- Hyponatremic 10-15% ===
- Hypernatremic 10-20% ===
Hyponatremic dehydration
editHypernatremic Dehydration
editIVF for Ongoing Losses
edit- D5 1/4 NS + 15 mEq/L bicarbonate + 25 mEq/L KCl ==
- Replace stool mL/mL every 1–6 hr ==
Summary
edit- Restore intravascular volume ==
- NS 20 mL/kg over 20 min (repeat until intravascular volume restored) ===
- Calculate water deficit ==
- Calculate 24-hr water needs ==
- Calculate deficit sodium and potassium ==
- Calculate 24-hr electrolyte needs (Na, K) ==
- Select fluid (based on total water and electrolyte needs). ==
- Give ½ calculated fluid minus boluses during first 8 hrs ==
- Give ½ calculate fluid over the next 16 hrs ==
- Replace ongoing losses as they occur ==