# Electronics/Noise in electronic circuits

Electrical Noise
any unwanted form of energy tending to interfere with the proper and easy reception and reproduction of wanted signals.

## ClassificationEdit

### Based on OriginEdit

1. External noise
1. Atmospheric
2. Extraterrestrial
1. solar
2. Cosmic
3. Industrial
2. Internal noise
1. Thermal Agitation Noise
2. Shot Noise
3. Transit Time Noise
4. Flicker Noise
5. Miscellaneous Sources

#### Thermal noiseEdit

Thermal Agitation Noise
Also known as Johnson noise or White noise.
${\displaystyle P_{n}\propto \ T\;\delta \!f=k\,T\;\delta \!f}$

where k = Boltzmann's constant = 1.38x10-23J/K

T = absolute temperature, K = 273 + °C
δ f = bandwidth of interest
Pn = maximum noise power output of a resistor

${\displaystyle P_{n}={\frac {V^{2}}{R_{L}}}={\frac {\left({\frac {V_{n}}{2}}\right)^{2}}{R}}={\frac {V_{n}^{2}}{4R}}}$
${\displaystyle V_{n}^{2}=4RP_{n}=4RkT\;\delta \!f}$
${\displaystyle V_{n}={\sqrt {4kT\;\delta \!f\;R}}}$

#### Shot NoiseEdit

${\displaystyle i_{n}={\sqrt {2ei_{p}\;\delta \!f}}}$

where in = r.m.s. shot-noise current

e = charge of an electron = 1.6x10-19C
ip = direct diode current
δ f = bandwidth of system

## Noise CalculationsEdit

#### Addition due to several sourcesEdit

noise voltages:

${\displaystyle V_{n}1={\sqrt {4kT\,\delta \!f\,R_{1}}}}$ , ${\displaystyle V_{n}2={\sqrt {4kT\,\delta \!f\,R_{2}}}}$ ...and so on, then
${\displaystyle V_{n,tot}={\sqrt {{V_{n}1^{2}}+{V_{n}2^{2}}+...}}={\sqrt {4kT\,\delta \!f\,R_{tot}}}}$

where Rtot = R1+R2+...

Req = R1+R'2
${\displaystyle R_{eq}=R_{1}+{\frac {R_{2}}{A_{1}^{2}}}+{\frac {R_{3}}{{A_{1}^{2}}{A_{2}^{2}}}}}$

## Methods of reducing noiseEdit

### Differential signalingEdit

Differential signaling is a method of transmitting information electrically by means of two complementary signals sent on two separate wires. The technique can be used for both analogue signaling, as in some audio systems, and digital signaling, as in RS-422, RS-485, PCI Express and USB.

### Good groundingEdit

An ideal signal ground maintains zero voltage regardless of how much electrical current flows into ground or out of ground.

When low-level signals travel near high currents, their return currents shouldn't be allowed to flow in the same conductor. Otherwise, noise such as AC ripple on the high current will modulate the low-level signal.

## ReferencesEdit

Kennedy, George 'Electronic Communication Systems' , 3rd Ed. ISBN 0-07-034054-4