Diagnostic Radiology/Neuroradiological Anatomy

Neuroradiological anatomy is the study of the structures and components of the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord, using radiological imaging techniques. Radiological imaging plays a crucial role in diagnosing, monitoring, and researching neurological disorders and conditions. Here's an overview of key structures and imaging modalities used in neuroradiological anatomy:

• Brain Structures:
  • Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, memory, emotion, and voluntary movement. It is divided into two hemispheres.
  • Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, the cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements, posture, balance, and motor learning.
  • Brainstem: The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and includes the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. It controls vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and consciousness.
  • Basal Ganglia: Deep within the brain, the basal ganglia plays a role in motor control and learning, as well as emotional and cognitive functions.
  • Limbic System: This network of structures, including the hippocampus and amygdala, is involved in emotions, memory, and motivation.

• Imaging Modalities in Neuroradiology:
  • Computed Tomography (CT): CT scans use X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the brain and skull. They are often used in emergency situations to detect bleeding, fractures, or masses.
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI provides high-resolution images of the brain's soft tissues, allowing for detailed visualization of structures, including the brain, spinal cord, and blood vessels. Functional MRI (fMRI) can map brain activity.
  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET): PET scans use radioactive tracers to detect metabolic activity in the brain, aiding in the diagnosis and monitoring of neurological conditions, including tumors and Alzheimer's disease.
  • Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT): SPECT imaging is used to measure blood flow and brain activity. It can help diagnose conditions like epilepsy and assess blood flow after a stroke.
  • Cerebral Angiography: This procedure involves injecting a contrast dye into blood vessels to visualize blood flow and detect abnormalities like aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), or blockages.

• Spinal Cord Anatomy:
  • Spinal Cord: The spinal cord is a cylindrical bundle of nerves that extends from the base of the brain down the vertebral canal. It transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
  • Spinal Nerve Roots: These roots, both dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor), emerge from the spinal cord and carry sensory and motor signals to and from the body.

• Vascular Anatomy:
  • Circle of Willis: This network of arteries at the base of the brain supplies blood to the cerebral hemispheres. It is important for maintaining blood flow in case of vessel occlusion.
  • Carotid and Vertebral Arteries: The carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior part of the brain, while the vertebral arteries merge to form the basilar artery, which supplies the posterior part of the brain.
  • Dural Sinuses: These venous channels within the dura mater (the brain's outermost membrane) collect blood from the brain and return it to the general circulation.

Neuroradiological anatomy is crucial for diagnosing and understanding neurological disorders such as strokes, tumors, vascular malformations, neurodegenerative diseases, and traumatic brain injuries. Radiologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and other healthcare professionals use neuroradiological imaging to make accurate diagnoses and guide treatment decisions.

Brain and Coverings

1. Skull, sutures
2. Major apertures
3. Hemispheres, cortex, gyri, sulci
4. Major fissures
5. Major cisterns
6. Basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland
7. Pons, cerebellum, cerebellopontine angle
8. Ventricles, choroid plexus
9. Vessels and major branches
   1. External carotid artery
   2. Common carotid artery
   3. Internal carotid artery
   4. Circle of Willis
   5. Anterior cerebral artery
   6. Middle cerebral artery
   7. Vertebral, basilar artery
   8. Supratentorial veins, dural sinuses
   9. Infratentorial veins, dural sinuses

Head and Neck

1. Buccal space
2. Sublingual space
3. Submandibular space
4. Parotid space
5. Parapharyngeal space
6. Poststyloid parapharyngeal (carotid) space
7. Masticator space
8. Retropharyngeal space
9. Perivertebral space
10. Posterior cervical space
11. Pharyngeal mucosal space
    1. Oral cavity
    2. Oropharynx and nasopharynx
    3. Mandible and dental structures
12. Visceral space
    1. Larynx and hypopharynx
    2. Thyroid
13. Orbit
14. Paranasal sinuses
15. Skull base
    1. Anterior
    2. Central
    3. Posterior
16. Temporal bone

Spine

1. Vertebral bodies
2. Facet joints and transverse processes
3. Lamina and spinous processes
4. Support ligaments
5. Specific characteristics of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar segments
6. Cranio-vertebral and lumbo-sacral junctions
7. Normal stability and motion