Astrodynamics/Perturbations
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Perturbations in astrodynamics refers to the forces that act on an object that is not from the gravitational attraction of a single, more massive body. These forces can include gravity from other bodies, drag from an atmosphere(Such as the decay of satellite orbits because of collisions with gas molecules and the craft), or the off center attraction caused by an oblate or irregularly shaped body.
Orbital resonance
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Orbital resonance is when large bodies regularly perturb other bodies with gravity. This usually ends in instability in which the orbits of the two bodies are shifted until there is no more resonance. In some cases the resonant system can be self correcting, making the resonance stable. Orbital resonances are represented with either the ratio of orbits completed in a single time interval or the ratio of their orbital periods, with both representations giving ratios inverse to each other. Examples of this are the 2:3 resonance between Neptune and Pluto and the 1:2:4 resonance between Jupiter's moons of Ganymede, Europe and Io(Ratio of orbits in a single time interval used).
Apsidal precession
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Apsidal precession is the precession of the line of apsides of an object's orbit. It is related with the orbit's argument of periapsis. It is caused by perturbations from other bodies in the system, and by gravity perturbations explained by general relativity.
Examples
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An example of a major orbital perturbation is in April 1996, when Jupiter's gravitational influence decreased comet Hale-Bopp's orbital period from 4,206 years to 2,380 years.