Aeroacoustics/Linear Acoustics

Introduction

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In chapter Wave Equation and Green's function[1], we mentioned that the motion of small amplitude acoustic waves in fluids is governed by the wave equation. In this chapter we intend to formally prove this statement.

Linear Acoustic Waves in an Ideal Fluid at Rest

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Let's start from the governing equations of fluids motion, namely conservation of mass (continuity) and momentum (Navier-Stokes).

The continuity equation for a compressible fluid is

 

Navier-Stokes equation [2] is also given by

 

where   is the Kronecker delta [3] and   is the deviatoric stress tensor. For the time being let's assume that we are dealing with wave propagation of an ideal (inviscid) fluid at rest. Later, we will extend our analysis to consider the moving, viscous fluid. Further assume that the motion of acoustic waves cause small amplitude fluctuations such that the instantaneous density, pressure, and velocity components at any point can be written as

 

 

 

where   and   are the mean pressure and density, respectively, which are independent of time and position. It should be noted that mean velocity has been set to zero, because we have assumed that the fluid is at rest. Substituting these quantities in the conservation of mass and momentum, and neglecting second and higher order fluctuation terms, we obtain

 

and

 

Now let's take the space derivative of the linearized momentum equation and subtract it from the time derivative of the linearized continuity equation to obtain

 .

We can obtain the pressure fluctuation from a Taylor expansion

 

Since we assumed that the fluid is inviscid and fluctuations are small in amplitude, it is safe to assume that the motion of acoustic waves does not generate entropy and is an isentropic process [4]. Thus,

 

Hence,

 .

which is our celebrated wave equation. Exactly similar equations can be obtained for pressure and velocity fluctuations as well. It is interesting to note that the acoustic perturbations propagate at speed

 

which is the famous speed of sound [5].

Velocity Potential and Wave Equation

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In the previous section we obtained a wave equation in terms of density fluctuation. An alternate formulation can be obtained in terms of velocity potential [6].

Taking the curl of linearized momentum (Euler) equation, and noting that the curl of a gradient is zero, we obtain

 

which means vorticity [7] is constant in time. If we consider the initial vorticity to be zero, the velocity vector can be written as the gradient of a potential function at any moment of time

 

The linearized continuity and momentum equation can be used then to obtain