A Beginner's Python Tutorial/Very Simple Programs

OK! We have Python installed, now what? Well, we program!

And it is that simple (at least for now!). Python makes it easy to run single lines of code—one-liner programs. Let's give it a go.

Opening IDLE

Run the program labelled IDLE (IDLE stands for Integrated Development Environment). Now you are in the IDLE environment. This is the place you will be spending most time in. Here you can open a new window to write a program, or you can simply mess around with single lines of code, which is what we are going to do.

Type the following line and press ↵ Enter. Don't type the >>> part, it will already be there.

Code Example 1 – Hello, world!

>>> print("Hello, world!")

What happened? You just created a program, that prints the words 'Hello, world!'. The IDLE environment that you are in immediately compiles whatever you have typed in. This is useful for testing things, e.g., defining a few variables, and then testing to see if a certain line will work. That will come in a later lesson though.

Math in Python

Now try the following examples. I've given explanations in parentheses.

Code Example 2 – Maths

>>> 1 + 1
2

>>> 20 + 80
100

>>> 18294 + 449566
467860
(These are additions.)

>>> 6 - 5
1
(Subtraction)

>>> 2 * 5
10
(Multiplication)

>>> 5 ** 2
25
(Exponentials; e.g., this one is 5 squared)

>>> print("1 + 2 is an addition")
1 + 2 is an addition
(The print statement, which writes something onscreen. Notice that 1 + 2 is left unevaluated.)

>>> print("One kilobyte is 2^10 bytes, or", 2 ** 10, "bytes.")
One kilobyte is 2^10 bytes, or 1024 bytes.
(You can print sums and variables in a sentence.
	The commas separating each section are a way of
	separating clearly different things that you are printing.)

>>> 21 / 3
7

>>> 23 / 3
7
(Division; note that Python ignores remainders/decimals.)

>>> 23.0 / 3.0
7.666666666666667
(This time, since the numbers are decimals themselves, the answer
	will be a decimal.)

>>> 23 % 3
2

>>> 49 % 10
9
(The remainder from a division)

As you see, there is the code and then the result of that code. I then explain them in brackets. These are the basic commands of Python, and what they do. Here is a table to clarify them.

Table 1 – Python operators

Command	Name	Example	Output
+	Addition	4 + 5	9
-	Subtraction	8 - 5	3
*	Multiplication	4 * 5	20
/	Division	19 / 3	6
%	Remainder (modulo)	19 % 3	1
**	Exponent	2 ** 4	16

Remember that thing called order of operations that they taught in maths? Well, it applies in Python, too. Here it is, if you need reminding:

1. parentheses ()
2. exponents **
3. multiplication *, division /, and remainder %
4. addition + and subtraction -

Order of Operations

Here are some examples that you might want to try, if you're rusty on this:

Code Example 3 – Order of operations

>>> 1 + 2 * 3
7
>>> (1 + 2) * 3
9

In the first example, the computer calculates 2 * 3 first, then adds 1 to it. This is because multiplication has the higher priority (at 3) and addition is below that (at a lowly 4).

In the second example, the computer calculates 1 + 2 first, then multiplies it by 3. This is because parentheses (brackets, like the ones that are surrounding this interluding text ;) ) have the higher priority (at 1), and addition comes in later than that.

Also remember that the math is calculated from left to right, unless you put in parentheses. The innermost parentheses are calculated first. Watch these examples:

Code Example 4 – Parentheses

>>> 4 - 40 - 3
-39
>>> 4 - (40 - 3)
-33

In the first example, 4 - 40 is calculated, then - 3 is done.

In the second example, 40 - 3 is calculated, then it is subtracted from 4.

Comments, Please

The final thing you'll need to know to move on to multi-line programs is the comment. You should always add comments to code to show others who might be reading your code what you've done and why. Type the following (and yes, the output is shown):

Code Example 5 – Comments

>>> #I am a comment. Fear my wrath!

>>>

A comment is a piece of code that is not run. In Python, you make something a comment by putting a hash (#) in front of it. A hash comments everything after it in the line, and nothing before it. So you could type this:

Code Example 6 – Comment examples

>>> print("food is very nice") #eat me
food is very nice
(A normal output, without the smutty comment,
thank you very much)

>>># print("food is very nice")

(Nothing happens, because the code was after a comment)

>>> print("food is very nice") eat me
     File "<stdin>", line 1
      print("food is very nice") eat me
                                 ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

(You'll get a fairly harmless error message,
because you didn't put your comment after a hash)

Comments are important for adding necessary information for another programmer to read, but not the computer; for example, an explanation of a section of code, saying what it does, or what is wrong with it. You can also comment out bits of code if you don't want them to compile, but can't delete them because you might need them later.

Simple program example

 >>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
 >>> b = [' ' * 2 * (7 - i) + 'very' * i for i in a]
 >>> for line in b:
         print(line)

Here multiplication and adding operations have been used.

The first line а = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1] reflects values for a parameter i in the second line (for i in a). If we set “1” instead of “i” for a parameter b we will see that “space” is multiplied for 12 and “very” is multiplied for “1”.

So addition operator “+” unites 12 “spaces” and one word “very” which we can see in the first printed line. “for line in b: print(line)” is a cycle aimed at displaying required results.

            very
          veryvery
        veryveryvery
      veryveryveryvery
    veryveryveryveryvery
  veryveryveryveryveryvery
veryveryveryveryveryveryvery
  veryveryveryveryveryvery
    veryveryveryveryvery
      veryveryveryvery
        veryveryvery
          veryvery
            very