A Beginner's Arduino Guide/Arduino Language

The Arduino Language is the set of words, expressions and rules that are used to create Arduino Sketches.

The Arduino Language is based on C and C++

The Arduino Language allows for the use of any functions from the 'AVR Libc' which is a subset of the standard C library for Atmel AVR 8-bit RISC micro-controllers

The language is made up of keywords that are written based on rules.

Arduino Keywords

The keywords used to create the sketches can be divided into three types- Functions ,Structures and Values ( Values can be either Constants or Variables).

Below are a non-exhaustive list of standard Arduino sketch words, to add words, new libraries can be imported into the IDE.

Functions

Functions are small groups of code that do a single task or group of tasks (they have one function). They include

Category	Keyword
Digital I/O	pinMode() digitalWrite() digitalRead()
Analog I/O	analogReference() analogRead() analogWrite() - PWM
Due & Zero only	analogReadResolution() analogWriteResolution()
Advanced I/O	tone() noTone() shiftOut() shiftIn() pulseIn()
Time	millis() micros() delay() delayMicroseconds()
Math	min() max() abs() constrain() map() pow() sqrt()
Trigonometry	sin() cos() tan()
Characters	isAlphaNumeric() isAlpha() isAscii() isWhitespace() isControl() isDigit() isGraph() isLowerCase() isPrintable() isPunct() isSpace() isUpperCase() isHexadecimalDigit()
Random Numbers	randomSeed() random()
Bits and Bytes	lowByte() highByte() bitRead() bitWrite() bitSet() bitClear() bit()
External Interrupts	attachInterrupt() detachInterrupt()
Interrupts	interrupts() noInterrupts()
Communication	Serial Stream
USB (32u4 based boards and Due/Zero only)	Keyboard Mouse

Structures these are words used to create a flow or structure in the program. they include

Category	Keyword
Overall Structure	setup() loop()
Control Structures	if if...else for switch case while do... while break continue return goto
Arithmetic Operators	= (assignment operator) +  (addition) - (subtraction) * (multiplication) / (division) % (modulo)
Comparison Operators	== (equal to) != (not equal to) < (less than) > (greater than) <= (less than or equal to) >= (greater than or equal to)
Boolean Operators	&& (and) || (or) ! (not)
Bitwise Operators	& (bitwise and) | (bitwise or) ^ (bitwise xor) ~ (bitwise not) << (bitshift left) >> (bitshift right)
Compound Operators	++ (increment) -- (decrement) += (compound addition) -= (compound subtraction) *= (compound multiplication) /= (compound division) %= (compound modulo) &= (compound bitwise and) |= (compound bitwise or)
Pointer Access Operators	* dereference operator & reference operator
Syntax	; (semicolon) {} (curly braces) // (single line comment) /* */ (multi-line comment) #define #include

Values

These act like containers and hold a certain value they may be constant which implies a container whose value that doesn't change throughout the program or a variable, which implies a container whose value that does change.

Category	Keyword
Constants	HIGH | LOW INPUT | OUTPUT | INPUT_PULLUP LED_BUILTIN true | false integer constants floating point constants
Data Types	void boolean char unsigned char byte int unsigned int word long unsigned long short float double string - char array String - object array
Conversion	char() byte() int() word() long() float()
Variable Scope & Qualifiers	variable scope static volatile const
Utilities	sizeof() PROGMEM