Women's Health/Endocrinology of Lactation

Hyperprolactinaemia, or excess serum prolactin, is associated with hypoestrogenism, anovulatory infertility, oligomenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, unexpected lactation, and loss of libido in women, and erectile dysfunction and loss of libido in men.

1. Physiological Coitus Exercise Lactation Pregnancy Sleep Stress Anesthetics Anticonvulsant Antihistamines (H2) Antihypertensives Cholinergic agonist Drug-induced hypersecretion Catecholamine depletor Dopamine receptor blockers Dopamine synthesis inhibitor Estrogens Oral contraceptives Oral contraceptive withdrawal Neuroleptics Antipsychotics Neuropeptides Opiates and opiate antagonists

3. Pathological Hypothalamic-pituitary stalk damage Granulomas Infiltrations Irradiation Rathke's cyst Trauma Pituitary stalk resection Suprasellar surgery Tumors Craniopharyngioma Germinoma Hypothalamic metastases Meningioma Suprasellar pituitary mass extension Surgery Pituitary Acromegaly Idiopathic Lymphocytic hypophysitis or parasellar mass Macroadenoma (compressive) Macroprolactinemia Plurihumoral adenoma Prolactinoma Systemic disorders Chest-neurologic chest wall trauma Herpes Zoster Chronic renal failure Cirrhosis Cranial radiation Epileptic seizures Polycystic ovarian disease Pseudocyesis Chronic low levels of thyroid hormone