Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Named Reactions/Favorskii Rearrangement
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The Favorskii rearrangement (not to be confused with the Favorskii reaction), named for the Russian chemist Alexei Yevgrafovich Favorskii, is most principally a rearrangement of cyclopropanones and α-halo ketones which leads to carboxylic acid derivatives. In the case of cyclic α-halo ketones, the Favorski rearrangement constitutes a ring contraction. This rearrangement takes place in the presence of a base, sometimes hydroxide, to yield a carboxylic acid but most of the time either an alkoxide base or an amine to yield an ester or an amide, respectively. α,α’-Dihaloketones eliminate HX under the reaction conditions to give α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7].
In the case of cylic[check spelling] α-halo ketones, the rearrangement occurs as depicted below [8]:
Reaction mechanism edit
The reaction mechanism is thought to involve the formation of an enolate on the side of the ketone away from the chlorine atom. This enolate cyclizes to a cyclopropanone intermediate which is then attacked by the hydroxide nucleophile.
Usage of alkoxide anions such as sodium methoxide, instead of sodium hydroxide, yields the ring-contracted ester product.
Wallach degradation edit
In the related Wallach degradation (Otto Wallach, 1918) not one but two halogen atoms flank the ketone resulting in a new contracted ketone after oxidation and decarboxylation [9] [10]
Photo-Favorskii reaction edit
The reaction type also exists as a photochemical reaction. The photo-Favorskii reaction has been used in the photochemical unlocking of certain phosphates (for instance those of ATP) protected by so-called p-hydroxyphenacyl groups [11]. The deprotection proceeds through a triplet diradical (3) and a dione spiro intermediate (4) although the latter has thus far eluded detection [12].
References edit
- ↑ Favorskii, A. E. J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc. 1894, 26, 590.
- ↑ Favorskii, A. E. J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc. 1905, 37, 643.
- ↑ Favorskii, A. E. J. Prakt. Chem. 1913, 88, 658.
- ↑ Kende, A. S. Org. React. 1960, 11, 261-316. (Review)
- ↑ Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 6, p.368 (1988); Vol. 56, p.107 (1977). (Article)
- ↑ Shioiri, T.; Kawai, N. J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 2936.
- ↑ Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 7, p.135 (1990); Vol. 62, p.191 (1984). (Article)
- ↑ Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 4, p.594 (1963); Vol. 39, p.37 (1959). (Article)
- ↑ Zur Kenntnis der Terpene und der ätherischen Öle. Über das Verhalten zweifach gebromter hexacyclischer Ketone in Abhängigkeit von der Stellung der Bromatome Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie Volume 414, Issue 3 , Pages 271 - 296 O. Wallach 1918 doi:10.1002/jlac.19184140303
- ↑ Zur Kenntnis der Terpene und der ätherischen Öle (p 296-366) O. Wallach Justus Liebig's Annalen der ChemieVolume 414, Issue 3 , Pages 296 - 366 1918 doi:10.1002/jlac.19184140304
- ↑ New Photoactivated Protecting Groups. 6. p-Hydroxyphenacyl: A Phototrigger for Chemical and Biochemical Probes Chan-Ho Park and Richard S. Givens J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1997; 119(10) pp 2453 - 2463; (Article) doi:10.1021/ja9635589
- ↑ The Photo-Favorskii Reaction of p-Hydroxyphenacyl Compounds Is Initiated by Water-Assisted, Adiabatic Extrusion of a Triplet Biradical Richard S. Givens, Dominik Heger, Bruno Hellrung, Yavor Kamdzhilov, Marek Mac, Peter G. Conrad, II, Elizabeth Cope, Jong I. Lee, Julio F. Mata-Segreda, Richard L. Schowen and Jakob Wirz J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 2008, 130, 3307-3309 doi:10.1021/ja7109579