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U3068711

Joined 8 September 2012

Exercise and the prevention of atherosclerosis edit

Background/ Explanation of the issue edit

Atherosclerosis is a disease characterised by hardening of the arteries in the body. This process often occurs as a result of ageing or lifestyle because over time the arteries become harder from the formation of plaques. [1] Atherosclerosis is a condition that is associated with metabolic syndrome [2] Atherosclerosis has an inflammatory effect and is also associated with thickening of the arterial wall surface due to plaque deposits [3] Oxidative processes are important along with inflammation in the lead up to rupturing of plaque and thrombosis which can occur in this disease [4] Oxidised low-density lipoprotein is involved in the initiation of plaque build up. Oxidised LDL assists T cells so they can adhere to vessel endothelium, in this way it contributes to development of atherosclerosis [3] Platelets, leukocytes, endothelial cells, and the reactions between them are the characteristic elements of atherosclerosis [5] T lymphocytes are the cells that have a major involvement in the development of atherosclerosis [3] .T regulatory cells have the ability to inhibit atherosclerosis by controlling production of T cells [3]. Cardiovascular disease frequently occurs as a result of atherosclerosis [4]. It has been found that the risk of developing cardiovascular disease is lowered if the individual’s diet has a high fruit and vegetable content. However, vitamin supplements do not seem to have an effect in minimising cardiovascular disease [6] Risk of developing atherosclerosis is measured by carotid artery intimal medial thickness, and it’s progression can be linked with cardiovascular issues [6]

Importance of Exercise edit

Studies have shown that physical activity can improve endothelial function when atherosclerosis is present. Exercise is also beneficial for individuals with risk factors for coronary artery disease [7] Regular exercise has been found to be helpful in managing and preventing atherosclerosis and is a recommendation for individuals affected by coronary artery disease [8]

Benefits of resistance training on the prevention of atherosclerosis edit

Benefits of resistance training on the prevention of atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis is associated with an individual’s lifestyle and therefore this can be modified to help in the prevention of the disease. For example it has been linked with:

  • High serum total cholesterol and triglycerides levels [9]
  • Elevations in body-mass index (BMI) [9]
  • Elevation in systolic blood pressure [9]
  • General physical inactivity [10]

There are several studies which have shown the benefit of resistance exercise on these factors. Progressive resistance training has been associated with decreases in:

  • Total cholesterol [11]
  • non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol [11]
  • low density lipoprotein cholesterol [11]
  • triglycerides in adults [11]
  • both systolic and diastolic blood pressure [12]

Recommendations for resistance training edit

A doctor should be consulted before the onset of any vigorous exercise for individuals with any cardiovascular problems [13] Exercise should be stopped and medical advice immediately sought if the individual experiences, recurring chest pain, unusual shortness of breath, dizziness or heart rhythm abnormalities [14] The resistance training recommendations for individuals with cardiovascular disease include :

  • Single set. [14]
  • Performed a minimum 2-3 times a week. [14]
  • 8-10 different exercises using the major muscle groups (shoulders, arms, chest, back, hips and legs). [14]
  • 10-15 reps at a moderate level of fatigue. [14]
  • If a high risk individual, avoid any extremely strenuous exercises. [14]

Further Readings edit

[1] Exercise for persons with cardiovascular disease

[2] Hardening of the arteries

References edit

  1. ↑ A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. 2012. Hardening of the arteries [Online]. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001224/ [Accessed 22 October 2012].
  2. ↑ VAIDYA, D., SZKLO, M., CUSHMAN, M., HOLVOET, P., POLAK, J., BAHRAMI, H., JENNY, N. S. & OUYANG, P. 2011. Association of endothelial and oxidative stress with metabolic syndrome and subclinical atherosclerosis: multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. European Journal Of Clinical Nutrition, 65, 818-825.
  3. ↑ a b c d MOTTAGHI, A., SALEHI, E., SEZAVAR, H., KESHAVARZ, S. A., ESHRAGHIAN, M. R., REZAEI, N., REJALI, L. & SABOOR-YARAGHI, A.-A. 2012. The in vitro Effect of Oxidized LDL and PHA on Proliferation and Gene Expression of Regulatory T Cells in Patients with Atherosclerosis. Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 11, 217-223.
  4. ↑ a b .CYMBRON, T., RAPOSO, M., KAZACHKOVA, N., BETTENCOURT, C., SILVA, F., SANTOS, C., DAHMANI, Y., LOURENÇO, P., FERIN, R., PAVÃO, M. L. & LIMA, M. 2011. Cross-sectional study of risk factors for atherosclerosis in the Azorean population. Annals of Human Biology, 38, 354-359.
  5. ↑ .HUANG, C.-C., LIU, K., POPE, R. M., DU, P., LIN, S., RAJAMANNAN, N. M., HUANG, Q.-Q., JAFARI, N., BURKE, G. L., POST, W., WATSON, K. E., JOHNSON, C., DAVIGLUS, M. L. & LLOYD-JONES, D. M. 2011. Activated TLR signaling in atherosclerosis among women with lower Framingham risk score: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. PLoS ONE, 6, e21067-e21067.
  6. ↑ a b .AGARWAL, M., MEHTA, P. K., DWYER, J. H., DWYER, K. M., SHIRCORE, A. M., NORDSTROM, C. K., SUN, P., PAUL-LABRADOR, M., YANG, Y. & MERZ, C. N. B. 2012. Differing Relations to Early Atherosclerosis between Vitamin C from Supplements vs. Food in the Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study: A Prospective Cohort Study. The Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal, 6, 113-121.
  7. ↑ ROITMAN, J. L. & LAFONTAINE, T. 2006. Special populations. Exercise, atherosclerosis, and the endothelium: where the action is (part II). Strength & Conditioning Journal (Allen Press), 28, 75-77.
  8. ↑ . REID, R. D., TULLOCH, H., KOCOUREK, J., MORRIN, L. I., BEATON, L. J., PAPADAKIS, S., BLANCHARD, C. M., RILEY, D. L. & PIPE, A. L. 2007. Who will be active? Predicting exercise stage transitions after hospitalization for coronary artery diseaseThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled Young Investigators' Forum. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 85, 17-23.
  9. ↑ a b c BERENSON, G. S., SRINIVASAN, S. R., BAO, W., NEWMAN, W. P., TRACY, R. E. & WATTIGNEY, W. A. 1998. Association between Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Atherosclerosis in Children and Young Adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 1650-1656.
  10. ↑ KADOGLOU, N. P. E., ILIADIS, F. & LIAPIS, C. D. 2008. Exercise and carotid atherosclerosis. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 35, 264-272.
  11. ↑ a b c d KELLEY, G. A. & KELLEY, K. S. 2009. Impact of progressive resistance training on lipids and lipoproteins in adults: Another look at a meta-analysis using prediction intervals. Preventive Medicine, 49, 473-475.
  12. ↑ FAGARD, R. H. 2006. Exercise is good for your blood pressure: effects of endurance training and resistance training. Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology, 33, 853-856.
  13. ↑ . THOMPSON, P. D., BUCHNER, D., PIÑA, I. L., BALADY, G. J., WILLIAMS, M. A., MARCUS, B. H., BERRA, K., BLAIR, S. N., COSTA, F., FRANKLIN, B., FLETCHER, G. F., GORDON, N. F., PATE, R. R., RODRIGUEZ, B. L., YANCEY, A. K. & WENGER, N. K. 2003. Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 107, 3109-3116.
  14. ↑ a b c d e f FRANKLIN, A. B., BALADY, J. G., BERRA, K., GORDON, F. N. & POLLOCK, L. M. 2012. Exercise for persons with cardiovascular disease [Online]. Available: http://www.acsm.org/docs/current-comments/exercise-for-persons-with-cardiovascular-disease.pdf [Accessed 4 October 2012].
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