Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/File I/O
Here is a simple example of file I/O (input/output):
# Write a file
out_file = open("test.txt", "w")
out_file.write("This Text is going to out file\nLook at it and see!")
out_file.close()
# Read a file
in_file = open("test.txt", "r")
text = in_file.read()
in_file.close()
print text
The output and the contents of the file test.txt are:
This Text is going to out file Look at it and see!
Notice that it wrote a file called test.txt in the directory that you ran the program from. The \n in the string tells Python to put a newline where it is.
A overview of file I/O is:
- Get a file object with the
openfunction. - Read or write to the file object (depending on how it was opened)
- Close it
The first step is to get a file object. The way to do this is to use the open function. The format is file_object = open(filename, mode) where file_object is the variable to put the file object, filename is a string with the filename, and mode is "r" to read a file or "w" to write a file (and a few others we will skip here). Next the file objects functions can be called. The two most common functions are read and write. The write function adds a string to the end of the file. The read function reads the next thing in the file and returns it as a string. If no argument is given it will return the whole file (as done in the example).
Now here is a new version of the phone numbers program that we made earlier:
def print_numbers(numbers):
print "Telephone Numbers:"
for x in numbers.keys():
print "Name:", x, "\tNumber:", numbers[x]
print
def add_number(numbers, name, number):
numbers[name] = number
def lookup_number(numbers, name):
if name in numbers:
return "The number is " + numbers[name]
else:
return name + " was not found"
def remove_number(numbers, name):
if name in numbers:
del numbers[name]
else:
print name," was not found"
def load_numbers(numbers, filename):
in_file = open(filename, "r")
for in_line in in_file:
in_line = in_line.rstrip('\n') #Eliminate end of line or enter
name, number = in_line.split(",")
numbers[name] = number
in_file.close()
def save_numbers(numbers, filename):
out_file = open(filename, "w")
for x in numbers.keys():
out_file.write(x + "," + numbers[x] + "\n")
out_file.close()
def print_menu():
print '1. Print Phone Numbers'
print '2. Add a Phone Number'
print '3. Remove a Phone Number'
print '4. Lookup a Phone Number'
print '5. Load numbers'
print '6. Save numbers'
print '7. Quit'
print
phone_list = {}
menu_choice = 0
print_menu()
while True:
menu_choice = input("Type in a number (1-7): ")
if menu_choice == 1:
print_numbers(phone_list)
elif menu_choice == 2:
print "Add Name and Number"
name = raw_input("Name: ")
phone = raw_input("Number: ")
add_number(phone_list, name, phone)
elif menu_choice == 3:
print "Remove Name and Number"
name = raw_input("Name: ")
remove_number(phone_list, name)
elif menu_choice == 4:
print "Lookup Number"
name = raw_input("Name: ")
print lookup_number(phone_list, name)
elif menu_choice == 5:
filename = raw_input("Filename to load: ")
load_numbers(phone_list, filename)
elif menu_choice == 6:
filename = raw_input("Filename to save: ")
save_numbers(phone_list, filename)
elif menu_choice == 7:
break
else:
print_menu()
print "Goodbye"
Notice that it now includes saving and loading files. Here is some output of my running it twice:
1. Print Phone Numbers 2. Add a Phone Number 3. Remove a Phone Number 4. Lookup a Phone Number 5. Load numbers 6. Save numbers 7. Quit Type in a number (1-7): 2 Add Name and Number Name: Jill Number: 1234 Type in a number (1-7): 2 Add Name and Number Name: Fred Number: 4321 Type in a number (1-7): 1 Telephone Numbers: Name: Jill Number: 1234 Name: Fred Number: 4321 Type in a number (1-7): 6 Filename to save: numbers.txt Type in a number (1-7): 7 Goodbye
1. Print Phone Numbers 2. Add a Phone Number 3. Remove a Phone Number 4. Lookup a Phone Number 5. Load numbers 6. Save numbers 7. Quit Type in a number (1-7): 5 Filename to load: numbers.txt Type in a number (1-7): 1 Telephone Numbers: Name: Jill Number: 1234 Name: Fred Number: 4321 Type in a number (1-7): 7 Goodbye
The new portions of this program are:
def load_numbers(numbers, filename):
in_file = open(filename, "r")
while True:
in_line = in_file.readline()
if not in_line:
break
in_line = in_line[:-1]
name, number = in_line.split(",")
numbers[name] = number
in_file.close()
def save_numbers(numbers, filename):
out_file = open(filename, "w")
for x in numbers.keys():
out_file.write(x + "," + numbers[x] + "\n")
out_file.close()
First we will look at the save portion of the program. First it creates a file object with the command open(filename, "w"). Next it goes through and creates a line for each of the phone numbers with the command out_file.write(x + "," + numbers[x] + "\n"). This writes out a line that contains the name, a comma, the number and follows it by a newline.
The loading portion is a little more complicated. It starts by getting a file object. Then it uses a while True: loop to keep looping until a break statement is encountered. Next it gets a line with the line in_line = in_file.readline(). The readline function will return a empty string when the end of the file is reached. The if statement checks for this and breaks out of the while loop when that happens. Of course if the readline function did not return the newline at the end of the line there would be no way to tell if an empty string was an empty line or the end of the file so the newline is left in what readline returns. Hence we have to get rid of the newline. The line in_line = in_line[:-1] does this for us by dropping the last character. Next the line name, number = in_line.split(",") splits the line at the comma into a name and a number. This is then added to the numbers dictionary.
Exercises edit
Now modify the grades program from section Dictionaries so that it uses file I/O to keep a record of the students.
Now modify the grades program from section Dictionaries so that it uses file I/O to keep a record of the students.
assignments = ['hw ch 1', 'hw ch 2', 'quiz ', 'hw ch 3', 'test']
students = { }
def load_grades(gradesfile):
inputfile = open(gradesfile, "r")
grades = [ ]
while True:
student_and_grade = inputfile.readline()
student_and_grade = student_and_grade[:-1]
if not student_and_grade:
break
else:
studentname, studentgrades = student_and_grade.split(",")
studentgrades = studentgrades.split(" ")
students[studentname] = studentgrades
inputfile.close()
print "Grades loaded."
def save_grades(gradesfile):
outputfile = open(gradesfile, "w")
for i in students.keys():
outputfile.write(i + ",")
for x in students[i]:
outputfile.write(x + ",") #added missing comma
outputfile.write("\n")
outputfile.close()
print "Grades saved."
def print_menu():
print "1. Add student"
print "2. Remove student"
print "3. Load grades"
print "4. Record grade"
print "5. Print grades"
print "6. Save grades"
print "7. Print Menu"
print "9. Quit"
def print_all_grades():
keys = students.keys()
if keys:
keys.sort()
print '\t',
for i in range(len(assignments)):
print assignments[i], '\t',
print
for x in keys:
print x, '\t',
grades = students[x]
print_grades(grades)
else:
print "There are no grades to print."
def print_grades(grades):
for i in range(len(grades)):
print grades[i], '\t',
print
print_menu()
menu_choice = 0
while menu_choice != 9:
print
menu_choice = input("Menu Choice: ")
if menu_choice == 1:
name = raw_input("Student to add: ")
students[name] = [0] * len(assignments)
elif menu_choice == 2:
name = raw_input("Student to remove: ")
if name in students:
del students[name]
else:
print "Student:", name, "not found"
elif menu_choice == 3:
gradesfile = raw_input("Load grades from which file? ")
load_grades(gradesfile)
elif menu_choice == 4:
print "Record Grade"
name = raw_input("Student: ")
if name in students:
grades = students[name]
print "Type in the number of the grade to record"
print "Type a 0 (zero) to exit"
for i in range(len(assignments)):
print i + 1, assignments[i], '\t',
print
print_grades(grades)
which = 1234
while which != -1:
which = input("Change which Grade: ")
which = which - 1
if 0 <= which < len(grades):
grade = raw_input("Grade: ") # Change from input() to raw_input() to avoid an error when saving
grades[which] = grade
elif which != -1:
print "Invalid Grade Number"
else:
print "Student not found"
elif menu_choice == 5:
print_all_grades()
elif menu_choice == 6:
gradesfile = raw_input("Save grades to which file? ")
save_grades(gradesfile)
elif menu_choice != 9:
print_menu()