General Mechanics/Partial Derivatives

We will now take a break from physics, and discuss the topics of partial derivatives. Further information about this topic can be found at the Partial Differential Section in the Calculus book.

Partial Derivatives edit

In one dimension, the slope of a function, f(x), is described by a single number, df/dx.

In higher dimensions, the slope depends on the direction. For example, if f=x+2y, moving one unit x-ward increases f by 1 so the slope in the x direction is 1, but moving one unit y-ward increases f by 2 so the slope in the y direction is 2.

It turns out that we can describe the slope in n dimensions with just n numbers, the partial derivatives of f.

To calculate them, we differentiate with respect to one coordinate, while holding all the others constant. They are written using a ∂ rather than d. E.g.

 

Notice this is almost the same as the definition of the ordinary derivative.

If we move a small distance in each direction, we can combine three equations like 1 to get

 

The change in f after a small displacement is the dot product of the displacement and a special vector

 

This vector is called the gradient of f. It points up the direction of steepest slope. We will be using this vector quite frequently.

Partial Derivatives #2 edit

Another way to approach differentiation of multiple-variable functions can be found in Feynman Lectures on Physics vol. 2. It's like this:

The differentiation operator is defined like this:   in the limit of  . Adding & subtracting some terms, we get

 

and this can also be written as

 

Alternate Notations edit

For simplicity, we will often use various standard abbreviations, so we can write most of the formulae on one line. This can make it easier to see the important details.

We can abbreviate partial differentials with a subscript, e.g.,

 

or

 

Mostly, to make the formulae even more compact, we will put the subscript on the function itself.

 

More Info edit

Refer to the Partial Differential Section in the Calculus book for more information.