Dutch/Lesson 4
Gesprek 4-1
- Peter is een student medicijnen. Hij gaat naar de universiteit. Hij wil Elly uitnodigen voor een etentje, maar hij heeft geen geld. Hij kan er niks aan doen; studeren is duur.
- Pa, ik heb geld nodig!
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- Alweer?
- Ja, sorry hoor, maar ik heb echt stoelen en een tafel nodig!
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- Ja, ja, tafels en stoelen zeker. Feesten zul je bedoelen.
- He Pa, toe nou... Die heb ik echt nodig, hoor.
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- Nou, vooruit dan maar weer...
- Peter is een student medicijnen. Hij gaat naar de universiteit. Hij wil Elly uitnodigen voor een etentje, maar hij heeft geen geld. Hij kan er niks aan doen; studeren is duur.
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- Peter is a medical student. He goes to college. He wants to invite Elly for a dinner date, but does not have the money. He cannot help it; studying is expensive.
- Pa, ik heb geld nodig!
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- Dad, I need money!
- Alweer?
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- Again?
- Ja, sorry hoor, maar ik heb echt stoelen en een tafel nodig!
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- Yes, well sorry, but I really need chairs and a table!
- Ja,ja, tafels en stoelen zeker!! Feesten zul je bedoelen.
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- Tables and chairs, yeah right. Partying, more likely.
- He Pa, toe nou... Die heb ik echt nodig, hoor.
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- Ow, Dad, come on... I really need those, man.
- Nou, vooruit dan maar weer...
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- All right, there we go again...
Is dit waar of niet waar:
- Peter studeert theologie
- Peter heeft geld nodig voor stoelen en tafels
- Zijn Pa geeft hem geld
- Pa nodigt Elly uit voor een etentje
- Peter studeert aan een universiteit
- Peter studeert theologie - niet waar: medicijnen
- Peter heeft geld nodig voor stoelen en tafels - niet waar : hijl Elly uitnodigen voor een etentje
- Zijn Pa geeft hem geld - waar
- Pa nodigt Elly uit voor een etentje - niet waar
- Peter studeert aan een universiteit - waar
Grammatica 4-1 ~ The indefinite articles een en geen
- ...chairs and a table ... stoelen en een tafel
- ...has no money... heeft geen geld
In the previous lesson you were introduced to the definite articles—'the' in English and het or de in Dutch. Indefinite articles precede nouns in the same way that definite articles do, but convey a general or indefinite sense. These are 'a' or 'an' in English. Thus, 'the book' or het boek refers to a definite or specific book, whereas 'a book' or een boek is indefinite about which book is referred to. Dutch indefinite articles only come in one form (een), so they don't display gender.
The use of definite and indefinite articles is virtually the same as in English. The few deviations are best learned when listening to the language or speaking it.
| een | de | masculine/feminine | de tafel - een tafel (the table - a table) |
| een | het | neuter | het raam - een raam (the window - a window) |
Please note (see also previous lesson) that the indefinite article has the same form as the numeral one (één). One could argue that one is a clitic form of the other. To denote the difference, one could place accents on the numeral. Also, there is a difference in pronunciation. The numeral één (one) is pronounced /e:n/, the article een (a) with a much weaker /ən/. Occasionally Dutch has one and English the other:
- op een middag - one afternoon
Notice that one is used here in the meaning of a certain, not say in contrast to two or three.
There is an inflected form ene that is used independently:
- Occasionally Dutch has one, English the other.
- Soms heeft Nederlands het ene, Engels het andere
Negation
In English a negative of an indefinite article is simply formed by adding not:
- this is a car
- this is not a car
Alternatively one can drop the article and say:
- this is no car.
In Dutch there is a special negative of een: geen.
- dit is een auto
- dit is geen auto.
The combination niet + een is only used in contrasting things:
- dit is niet een fuut maar een eend.
- this is not a grebe but a duck.
Grammatica 4-2 ~ Possessive and demonstrative pronouns
Recall the following from Gesprek 3-1:
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- Ja. En daarna breng je me op je motor naar huis.
Which translates as:
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- 'Yes. And after that take me home on your motorcycle'.
The sentence demonstrates one of the possessive pronouns. These are (singular) 'my', 'your', and 'his/her/its' in English and mijn, jouw or je, and zijn/haar/(zijn) in Dutch.
The pronoun je is a weak form of jouw and it is used when the emphasis is on something else, such as the motorcycle in this case.
Dutch does not have a possessive case as English does. In English one could say this house of mine, where mine (and yours, hers, his, ours, yours, theirs) is possessive case. Dutch uses objective case for this: dit huis van mij as if 'van' (of) is a preposition.
See Dutch/Appendix 3 for a table of the possessive pronouns.
In English, this is used as demonstrative pronoun to indicate something in proximity. That indicates greater distance. In Dutch a similar distinction exists, but gender plays a role:
- de trein → deze trein - this train
- het huis → dit huis - this house
So, one replaces 'de' by deze and 'het' by dit.
At a greater distance:
- de trein → die trein
- het huis → dat huis
Notice that often when English has th, Dutch will have d:
- the - de
- that - dat
- think - denk
A third, even more distant pronoun exists (gene, gindse), but it is about as common as its English equivalent yon, yonder.
Again, the two languages betray their kinship. In some words, a g in Dutch corresponds to a y in English.. Compare:
- gisteren - yesterday
- de gist - the yeast
- geel - yellow
Using demonstrative pronouns instead of personal pronouns
Recall:
- Die heb ik echt nodig, hoor!
As we have seen Dutch is on its way to a two-gender system. For inanimate nouns, this makes demonstrative pronouns a more attractive choice to refer things by than personal pronouns. Compare:
| close | far | def. | indef. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gender | personal | demonstrative | article | ||
| neuter | het | dit | dat | het | een |
| masculine | hij | deze | die | de | |
| feminine | zij | ||||
| (plural) | zij | -- | |||
As you see demonstratives do not distinguish whether a word is feminine or masculine and follow the same common-neuter pattern as the articles. Compare:
- Ik zie Jan. Hij is sterk - I see John. He is strong.
- Ik zie zijn auto. Die is duur. - I see his car. It is expensive.
Note: because de auto is not neuter, it is not correct to say: Het is duur. But saying hij is duur or zij is duur makes the word specifically masculine or feminine. Using die avoids the issue, because die follows the common gender pattern of the definite article.
Increasingly, personal pronouns are reserved for reference to persons (natural gender as in English). To refer to things people resort to substituting the demonstratives.
Grammatica 4-3 Plural of nouns
As seen above the plural definite article is always de (for all genders), there is no indefinite article and the demonstratives are deze and die and the personal pronoun is zij or its weak form ze. Forming the plural of the noun itself is a bit more complicated.
Recall: ...tafels en stoelen...
With few exceptions like ox - oxen pretty much all words simply get an -s in English. Dutch however has two main ways to form a plural: by adding -s and by adding -en. The latter is pronounced /-ən/, /-ə/ or even as a syllabic /-n/ depending on the region.
Which plural applies is best learned case by case as gender is, although we can attempt a general rule:
:All words of more than one syllable get -s, if they end in:
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The ones in -a, -o, -i and -y get an apostrophe before the -s
- baby - baby's
Unfortunately there are lots of exceptions. Many recent (latinate) loans from English or French and all diminutives get a -s.
- de tafel - de tafels
- de familie - de families
- het meisje - de meisjes
Words in -te and -laar usually get -s:
- de hoogte - de hoogtes
- de kandelaar - de kandelaars
Amongst the many words that get -en are the ones in -ing:
- de helling - de hellingen
Vowel changes
Most monosyllabic words have -en in the plural:
- de stoel - de stoelen
- het raam - de ramen
In the latter case, notice that one of the a's is dropped in the spelling of the plural. This difficulty is related to the fact that most Dutch vowels occur in two varieties, a closed one and an open one. Dutch spelling has a rather ingenious and systematic way of denoting which one is intended. It involves the doubling of either vowels or consonants. Compare:
- het bot /bɔt/ (the bone) has an open vowel /ɔ/ like British pot (or American paw)
- de boot /bot/ (the boat) sounds much like British boat.
In this case the vowels remain the same in the plural, but notice the doubling:
- het bot - de botten ['bɔtə(n)] (bot-ten)
- de boot - de boten ['botə(n)] (bo-ten)
It is customary to call the first sound [ɔ] a 'short o' and the second [o] a 'long o', but this terminology can be rather confusing. There are languages like Czech where vowels are indeed distinguished purely on their length. In Dutch, however, the difference in length (quantity) is actually pretty negligible, but the difference in vowel sound (quality) is not. This presents a problem for speakers of the many languages with a five-vowel system, like Italian, Russian, Arabic or isiXhosa whose ears are not accustomed to this kind of difference. Anglophones usually do quite well.
The Dutch spelling rule
The Dutch Spelling Rule is:
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For non-native speakers a complication arises in those cases where the actual vowel changes ('lengthens') in the plural, compare:
- dat pad (/pɑt/) - die paden (/'padən/ - vowel changes) (that path - those paths)
- die pad (/pɑt/) - die padden (/'pɑdən/ - no vowel change) (that toad - those toads)
The vowel /ɑ/ in pad and padden is approximately as in father. Paden has a vowel /a/ like in broad American 'Oh, my God' (In Dutch the spelling would be: Gaad). Also, notice the gender difference of the two words.
Vowel change is systematic in the plural of the past of certain strong verbs (see 6).
- ik zat (/zɑt/) - wij zaten (/zatən/) (I sat - we sat)
A few words show vowel changes other than between the open and closed variety of the same vowel:
- de stad - de steden (city).
Words ending in -heid get -heden:
- beleefdheid - beleefdheden
There are about a dozen plurals in Dutch that end in -eren:
- het kind - de kinderen (child - children)
- het lam - de lammeren (lamb)
The ending -eren is essentially a double plural. It derives from a plural in -er and in some compounds that is still visible:
- de kinderkamer - the children's room
- de lammergier - a species of vulture
Some words in -ie have an -en plural that requires a diaeresis (trema in Dutch). The spelling depends on where the stress falls:
- de kolonie - de koloniën
- de dynastie - de dynastieën
A trema is also used after -ee:
- de zee - de zeeën
- de diatomee - de diatomeeën
Occasionally a Latin or Greek plural is preserved in Dutch:
- het museum - de musea
- de chemicus - de chemici
Try to form the plural of the following word. Indicate if there is any vowel change involved:
- het hoofd -the head
- het dak - the roof
- de bak - the container
- de zak - the bag
- de zaak - the business
- het zaakje - the affair
- de opera - the opera
- het rad - the wheel
- het bad - the bath
- de lepel - the spoon
- de camera - the camera
- de robot - the robot
- het baken - the beacon
- het schip - the ship
- het gebod - the commandment
- de stelling - the thesis, the (military) post
- het wapen - the weapon
- de vleugel - the wing
- de musicus - the musician
- het hoofd - hoofden
- het dak - daken (lengthening)
- de bak - bakken
- de zak - zakken
- de zaak - zaken
- het zaakje - zaakjes
- de opera - opera's
- het rad - raderen (-eren plural + lengthening)
- het bad - baden (lengthening)
- de lepel - lepels
- de camera - camera's
- de robot - robots (<English)
- het baken - bakens
- het schip - schepen (vowel change)
- het gebod - geboden (lengthening)
- de stelling - stellingen
- het wapen - wapens, (also: wapenen)
- de vleugel - vleugels (poetic: vleugelen)
- de musicus - musici (<Lat.)
Woordenlijst 4
| Dutch term | Audio file | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| de tafel | table | |
| de stoel | chair | |
| het geld | money | |
| de student | student (university) | |
| de universiteit | university | |
| het medicijn | the medication, the drug | |
| kan er niks aan doen | cannot help it | |
| nodig | necessary | |
| Ik heb nodig | I need | |
| bezoeken | attend (as a student) | |
| verkopen | sell | |
| wat | some | |
| niks | nothing | |
| nog | still | |
| duur | expensive | |
| weer | again | |
| vooruit | ahead, 'let's go' | |
| te weinig | too little |
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