Circuit Theory/Phasors/Examples/Example 9

Given that the voltage source is defined by $V_{s}(t)=120{\sqrt {2}}cos(377t+120^{\circ })$, find all other voltages, currents and check power.

Parallel RL circuit for example 9

Label Loops Junctions

Parallel RL circuit marked up for analysis

In a parallel circuit, all devices have the exact same voltage across them.

Knowns, Unknowns and Equations

Knowns: $V_{s},R,L$

Unknowns: $I_{s},i_{R},i_{L}$

Equations: $V_{s}(t)=R*i_{R}(t),V_{s}=L*{d \over dt}i_{L}(t),i_{R}(t)+i_{L}(t)-I_{s}(t)=0$

Initial conditions

Saying the initial conditions are zero is impossible in this problem.

Look at the terminal relation:

$V_{s}=V_{L}=L*{d \over dt}i_{L}(t)$

V_S has a non-zero value at t=0₊. This means ${d \over dt}i_{L}(t)=V_{s}/L$. This one initial condition. The other initial condition is that i_L(0₊) = 0.

Calculus Symbolic

Evaluate the terminal relations in this order:

$i_{R}(t)={\frac {V_{s}}{R}}$

$i_{L}(t)=\int {\frac {V_{s}}{L}}dt$

$i_{s}(t)=i_{R}(t)+i_{L}(t)$

Calculus Numeric

phasor matlab solution of RL circuit .... m file

$V_{s}(t)=120{\sqrt {2}}\cos(377t+2.09)$

$R=10$

$L=.01$

$i_{R}=12{\sqrt {2}}\cos(377t+2.09)$

$i_{L}=\int {\frac {120{\sqrt {2}}\cos(377t+2.09)}{.01}}dt=45\sin(377t+2.09)+C_{1}$

$i_{L}(0)=0=45\sin(2.09)+C_{1}$

$C_{1}=-39$

$i_{L}=45\sin(377t+2.09)-39$

$I_{s}(t)=12{\sqrt {2}}\cos(377t+2.09)+45\sin(377t+2.09)-39$

phasor math avoids trig! m-file

The next step is to combine the answer into a single cos term with a phase shift so it can be compared to $i_{L}$ and $i_{R}$. The -39 turns into a DC bias.

The easiest method to combine the sin and cos terms is phasors.

Here is the phasor method. Notice the math is done in the phasor domain ... with imaginary numbers.

$12*{\sqrt {2}}*(377t+2.09)\Leftrightarrow 12*{\sqrt {2}}cos(2.09)+j12*{\sqrt {2}}sin(2.09)$

$45sin(377t+2.09)\Leftrightarrow 45*sin(2.09)-j45*cos(2.09)$

Now the numbers are in the phasor world. The next step is to add them all up.

$\mathbb {I} _{s}=48.1\angle 0.884$

Now put back into the time domain:

$I_{s}=48.1\cos(377t+0.884)-39$

Phasor Symbolic

time domain

$i_{R}=V_{s}/R$

$i_{L}=\int {\frac {V_{s}}{L}}dt$

$i_{S}=i_{R}+i_{L}$

phasor domain

$V_{s}(t)\rightarrow \mathbb {V}$

$\mathbb {V} =V_{m}\angle \phi$

$\mathbb {I} _{R}={\frac {\mathbb {V} }{R}}={\frac {V_{m}}{R}}\angle \phi$

$\int V_{s}(t)dt\rightarrow {\frac {\mathbb {V} }{j\omega }}={\frac {\mathbb {V} }{\omega }}\angle {\frac {-\pi }{2}}={\frac {V_{m}}{\omega }}\angle (\phi -{\frac {\pi }{2}})$

$\mathbb {I} _{L}={\frac {V_{m}}{\omega L}}\angle (\phi -{\frac {\pi }{2}})$

$\mathbb {I} _{S}={\frac {V_{m}}{R}}\angle \phi +{\frac {V_{m}}{\omega L}}\angle (\phi -{\frac {\pi }{2}})$

$\mathbb {I} _{S}=V_{m}*{\sqrt {{\frac {1}{R^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{(L\omega )^{2}}}}}\angle (\phi -arctan({\frac {R}{L\omega }}))$

back to time domain

$I_{L}(t)=\operatorname {Re} (\mathbb {I} _{L}e^{j\omega t})={\frac {V_{m}}{\omega L}}*cos(\omega t+\phi -{\frac {\pi }{2}})+C_{1}$

$I_{s}(t)=\operatorname {Re} (\mathbb {I} _{s}e^{j\omega t})=V_{m}{\sqrt {{\frac {1}{R^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{(L\omega )^{2}}}}}cos(\omega t+\phi -arctan({\frac {R}{L\omega }}))+C_{1}$

$I_{R}(t)=\operatorname {Re} (\mathbb {I} _{R}e^{j\omega t})={\frac {V_{m}}{R}}cos(\omega t+\phi )$

$I_{L}$ involved an integral in the phasor domain, thus a constant as been added to their time domain equation.

doing problem using phasors rather than calculus m-filec

Phasor Numeric

there is no point in doing the math in the phasor domain if can solve in symbol form as above

time domain

$i_{r}(t)={\frac {120*{\sqrt {2}}}{10}}\cos(377t+2.09)=17.0cos(377t+2.09)$

$i_{L}(t)={\frac {120*{\sqrt {2}}}{.01*377}}\cos(377t+2.09-{\frac {\pi }{2}})+C_{2}=45\cos(377t+0.524)+C_{1}$

$0=45\cos(0.524)+C_{1}$

$C_{1}=-39.0$

$i_{s}(t)=120*{\sqrt {2}}*{\sqrt {{\frac {1}{10^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{(.01*377)^{2}}}}}\cos(377t+{\frac {2*\phi }{3}}-\arctan({\frac {10}{.01*377}}))-39$

$i_{s}(t)=48.1\cos(377t+0.844)-39$

These are the same numbers as calculated with Calculus above ...

Simulation

$Vs$, $I_{s}$, $i_{L}$, and $i_{R}$ from the simulation simulation are graphed below.

circuitlab.com simulation with the current into a device which produces 180° phase shift

Symbol	color	Equation
$I_{s}$	Brown	$48.1\cos(377t+50.6^{\circ })-39$
$i_{L}$	Orange	$45\cos(377t+30^{\circ })-39$
$i_{R}$	Example	$17\cos(377t+120^{\circ })$
Vs</math>	Blue	$170\cos(377t+120^{\circ })$

showing what happens when circuitlab skip initial=no ..

Simulation matches the math. Circuitlab simulation requires taking current into the source in order to get the phase right. This can be seen by testing circuitlab with a sinusoidal source across one resistor.

The simulation also shows that the integration constant is dependent upon the phase angle of the source.

period check

The period above looks to be between 16ms and 17ms, closer to 17ms. This agrees with the formula:

$\omega =2\pi *f$

$f={\frac {\omega }{2\pi }}$

$T={\frac {1}{f}}={\frac {2\pi }{\omega }}={\frac {2\pi }{377}}=16.7ms$

magnitude check

The simulation magnitudes, if measured peak to peak match the doubled magnitudes of the numeric answers. The integration constant adds a DC bias which is negative in this case.

phase check

Voltage will always lead the current through an inductor (think of the terminal relationship or ELI) by $90^{\circ },{\frac {\pi }{2}}$ or ${\frac {1}{4}}$ of a period, whether a current source or voltage source is driving the circuit.

Power Analysis

The constants are going to add some DC power or real power to this analysis. Without knowing what they are, we can not compute their impact. So for now we stick with phasor domain power analysis:

$\mathbb {V} _{s}=120{\sqrt {2}}\angle 2.09$

$\mathbb {I} _{s}=48.1\angle 0.884$

$\mathbb {I} _{s}^{*}=48.1{\sqrt {2}}\angle -0.884$

if :$\mathbb {V} =M_{v}\angle \phi _{v}\quad$, and $\quad \mathbb {I} =M_{i}\angle \phi _{i}$ then

$\mathbb {S} =\mathbb {V} \mathbb {I} ^{*}={\frac {M_{v}M_{i}}{2}}\angle (\phi _{v}-\phi _{i})={\frac {120{\sqrt {2}}*48.1}{2}}\angle (2.09-0.884)=4081\angle 1.206=1456+3813j$

and

$cos(1.206)=.357$

This is a bad power factor. The utility's apparent power is much larger than what the customer is willing to pay. Pure inductive loads as described are found in large motors in industrial settings where engineers working for industry are talking to engineers working for the power company. Power conditioners may be needed to bring this power factor back up closer to 1. The utility will charge based upon apparent power ... which is real $$$ for them.

Value	Units	Description
$4081$	volt-ampere va	apparent power what utility companies manage: peak power they design for, peak power they have to deliver
$.357$	unitless	power factor, ratio of real power to apparent power, ideally 1
$1456$	watt W	real, average, active power ... what consumers want to pay for (watt-hours)
$3813$	volt-amp-reactive var	reactive power ... why not all outlets in a room are on the same circuit breaker

Intuition

ELI ... voltage leads the current through an inductor

Integration constants matter. Initial conditions matter. Phasors don't deal with them.

A purely inductive load connected to a power source is going to create a bad power factor.

If integration constants show up, and there is no differential equation, must compute the integration constants using initial conditions.

Phase angle of the source influences the integration constant.