AP Biology/Vocabulary

Chapter 1

Introduction: Themes in The Study of Life

No vocabulary for this chapter.

Chapter 2

The Chemical Context of Life

• Matter: Substance that has mass and occupies space
• Element: Any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter.
• Compound: A substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight.
• Trace Elements: Elements essential for growth, but required only in minute amounts.
• Atom: The smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element.
• Neutrons: A subatomic particle with no net charge. Neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom.
• Protons: Positive charge of an atom located in the nucleus.
• Electrons: Negatively charged sub-atomic particles that orbit the atomic nucleus. The mass of electrons in orbit (of an atom) forms the electron shell or electron cloud of the atom.
• Atomic Nucleus: The positively charged "core" of an atom, which contains protons and neutrons.
• Dalton:
• Atomic Number: Number indicating the number of protons in any given atom of an element. Each element has a unique atomic number.
• Mass Number: Sum of the protons and neutrons in any given atom of an element.
• Atomic Weight:
• Isotopes: Variations of an element with the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons.
• Radioactive Isotopes:
• Energy: The ability to do work, or the work required to start or carry out a reaction or process.
• Potential Energy: The possibility (potential) of an object or substance to do work.
• Energy Levels:The energy characteristic of a stationary state of a physical system, especially a quantum mechanical system.
• Electron Shells:
• Orbital:
• Valence Electrons:An electron in an outer shell of an atom that can participate in forming chemical bonds with other atoms.
• Valence shell:
• Chemical bonds: Special linkages between two or more molecules or compounds.
• Covalent Bond: Chemical bonding in which two atoms "share" one or more electrons.
• Molecule:
• Structural Formula:
• Molecular Formula:
• Double Covalent Bond:
• Valence:
• Nonpolar bond:
• Polar Covalent Bond:
• Electronegativity:
• Nonpolar Covalent Bond:
• Polar Covalent Bond:
• Ion: A charged particle.
• Cation:a positively charged ion. Happens due to the loss of electrons.
• Anion:a negatively charged ion. Happens due to te gain of electrons.
• Ionic Bond:A Chemical bond formed between a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion.
• Hydrogen Bond: Chemical bonding in which two molecules are linked together by one or more hydrogen atoms.
• Van Der Waals Interactions:
• Chemical Reactions:
• Reactants: Substances that interact with one another or with an external source in a reaction.
• Products: Substances produced from the interactions stated above in a reaction.
• Chemical Equilibrium: State in which the quantity of reactants is equivalent to the quantity of products. Example: H₂ + O₂ --> H₂O

Chapter 3

Water and The Fitness of The Environment

• Polar Molecules:
• Cohesion:
• Adhesion:
• Surface Tension:
• Kinetic Energy:
• Heat:
• Temperature: The measure of heat in a substance.
• Celsius Scale:
• Calorie (cal):
• Kilocalorie (kcal):
• Joule (J):
• Specific Heat:
• Heat of Vaporization:
• Evaporative Cooling:
• Solution:
• Solvent: Substance in which the solute (below) is dissolved.
• Solute: Substance that dissolves or will dissolve in a solution.
• Aqueous Solution:
• Hydrophilic:
• Hydrophobic:
• Mole (mol):
• Molecular Weight:
• Molarity:
• Hydrogen Ion:
• Hydroxide ion (OH-):
• Acid:
• Base:
• pH Scale:
• Buffers:
• Acid Precipitation:

Chapter 4

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

• Organic Chemistry: The study of substances which have carbon-hydrogen bonds.
• Hydrocarbons:
• Isomers:
• Structural Isomers:
• Geometic Isomers:
• Enantiomers:
• Functional Groups:
• Hydroxyl Group:
• Alcohols:
• Carbonyl Group:
• Aldehyde:
• Ketone:
• Carboxyl Group:
• Carboxylic Acids:
• Amino group:
• Amines:
• Sulfhydryl Group:
• Thiols:
• Phosphate Groups:

Chapter 5

The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

• Macromolecule:
• Polymer:
• Monomers:
• Condensation Reaction:
• Dehydration Reaction:
• Hydrolysis:
• Carbohydrates:
• Monosaccharides:
• Disaccharide:
• Glycosidic Linkage:A covalent bond between two glycogin molecules.
• Starch:
• Glycogen:
• Cellulose:
• Chitin:
• Lipids:A combination of a glyceral and 3 fatty acids. Hydrophobic.
• Fat:
• Fatty Acid:
• Triacylglycerol:
• Saturated Fatty Acid:
• Unsaturated Fatty Acid:
• Phospholipids:
• Steroids:
• Cholesterol:
• Proteins:
• Conformation:
• Polypeptides:
• Amino Acids:
• Peptide Bond:
• Primary Structure:
• Secondary Structure:
• Alpha Helix:
• Pleated Sheet:
• Tertiary Structure:
• Hydrophobic Interaction:
• Disulfide Bridges:
• Quaternary Structure:
• Denaturation:
• Chaperone Proteins:
• Gene:
• Nucleic Acids:
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA):
• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA):
• Nucleotides:
• Pyridmidine:
• Purines:
• Ribose:
• Deoxyribose:
• Polynucleotide:
• Double Helix:

Chapter 6

An Introduction to Metabolism

• Metabolism:
• Catabolic Pathways:
• Anabolic Pathways:
• Bioenergetics:
• Kinetic Energy:
• potential Energy:
• Thermodynamics:
• First Law of Thermodynamics:
• Second Law of Thermodynamics:
• Gibbs Free Energy:
• Exergonic Reaction:
• Endergonic Reaction:
• Metabolic Disequilibrium:
• Energy Coupling:
• ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate):
• Phosphorylated Intermediate:
• Enzymes:
• Catalyst:
• Activation Energy (energy of activation):
• Substrate:
• Active Site:
• Induced Fit:
• Cofactors:
• Coenzymes:
• Competitive Inhibitors:
• Noncompetitive Inhibitors:
• Allosteric Site:
• Feedback Inhibition:
• Cooperativity:

Chapter 7

A Tour of the Cell

• Light Microscopes (LMs):
• Resolving power:
• Organelles:
• Electron Microscope(EM):
• Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM):
• Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM):
• Cell Fraction:
• Ultracentrifuges:
• Prokaryotic Cell:
• Nucleoid:
• Cytoplasm:
• Cytosol:
• Plasma Membrane:
• Nucleus:
• Nuclear lamina:
• Chromatin:
• Chromosomes:
• Nucleolus:
• Ribosomes:
• Endomembrane System:
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
• Smooth ER:
• Rough ER:
• Glycoproteins:
• Transport Vesicles:
• Golgi Apparatus:
• Lysosome:
• Phagocytosis:
• Food Vacuoles:
• Contractile Vacuoles:
• Central Vacuoles:
• Tonoplast:
• Mitochondria:
• Chloroplasts:
• Cristae:
• Mitochondrial Matrix:
• Plastids:
• Thylakoids:
• Grana:
• Stroma:
• Peroxisome:
• Cytoskeleton:
• Microtubules:
• Microfilaments:
• Intermediate Filaments:
• Centrosomes and Centrioles:
• Centrosome:
• Centrioles:
• Cilia:
• Flagella:
• Basal Body:
• Dynein:
• Actin:
• Myosin:
• Pseudopodia:
• Cytoplasmic Streaming:
• Primary Cell Wall:
• Middle Lamella:
• Secondary Cell Wall:
• Extracellular Matrix (ECM):
• Collagen:
• Proteoglycans:
• Fibronectins:
• Integrins:
• Plasmodesmata:
• Plasmodesma:
• Tight Junctions:
• Desmosomes:
• Gap Junctions: